Journal of Socio-Cultural Studies of Khorasan

Journal of Socio-Cultural Studies of Khorasan

The Role of Iranian Politicians in Determination of Eastern borders under the Goldsmid Arbitration

Abstract
In line with creating a partitioning belt around Iran to protect from India, determination of the limits of eastern borders of Iran was performed under the pressure of Great Britain (GB). In conditions where the GB was at the peak of power, Iran suffered from structural instability, corruption, and moral degeneration originated from the despotism of Nsserid. In determining the eastern borders of the country, and despite the tendency to preserve the historical borders, the king and his attendants were not able to retain the territorial integrity due to various reasons such as lack of boarder-based knowledge, low performance, the comprehensive policy of Iran regarding maintaining relationships with the GB, along with appeasement to confrontation with Russia.
This study aims to elucidate the role of Iranian politicians in determining the limits of the eastern borders under the Goldsmid arbitration, my answer to the question of whether Iranian politicians have been acted in line with national interests or not?
To promote its colonial goals, the GB has enticed Nasser-al-din Shah to replace Mirza Saeed Khan with Sepahsalar. Despite Russophile character, and considering his profits, Mirza Massum Khan has attempted to sabotage the Arbitration with the help of third Amir Heshmat-al-Molk-e Alam, who has an anglophile character. Due to this sabotage, and only to sign Arbitration, mirza Massum Khan was replaced with mirza malkam, which has no residence in Sistan. Finally, despite the deep discontent of Iran and Afghanistan, the Arbitration was finished as considered by the GB. The methodology of the research in current work is the historical method based on the Descriptive-analytical manner.
Keywords

- Adamiyat, Fereydoun (1385). Thought and advencement and the rule of law of the Sepahsalar era. Tehran: Kharazmi, Print 3.##Ehsani, Kaveh (Fall 1996). "Borders of Iran". Iran Letter. Fourteenth year. No. 156: (681-694).##Etemad-ol-Saltaneh, Mohammad Hassan Khan (1367). The naseri’s Regular history. Volume 3. Edited by Mohammad Ismail Rezvani. Tehran: Book World.##Etemad-ol-Saltaneh, Mohammad Hassan Khan (1345). Etemad-ol-Saltaneh Diary. By the efforts of Iraj Afshar. Tehran: Amirkabir.##Etemad-ol-Saltaneh, Mohammad Hassan Khan (1357). The ecstasy known as the dream letter. By the efforts of Mahmoud Katirai. Print 2. Tehran: Touka Publications.##Iqbal Al-Dawla, Mirza Abdul Hussein Munshi (1384). "Sistan Travel Newspaper". Ghodrat Allah Roshani Zafaranloo. History Office. By the efforts of Iraj Afshar. Volume 2. Tehran Dr. Mahmoud Afshar Yazdi Endowment Foundation.##Amanat, Abbas (1383). Qibla of the world. Translated by Hassan Kamshad. Tehran: Karnameh Publishing, Mehregan.##Bamdad, Mehdi (1378). Biography of Iranian men in the 12th, 13th, 14th centuries AH. Volume 6. Tehran: Zavar Publications. Print 5.##Bamdad, Mehdi (1371). Biography of Iranian men in the 12th, 13th, 14th centuries AH. Volume 1. Print 4. Tehran: Zavar Publishing.##Bahmani Qajar, Mohammad Ali (1385). Iran and Afghanistan from unity to determination of political borders. Tehran:  Document Center and Diplomatic history.##Teymouri, Ibrahim (1363). The age of ignorance or the history of privileges in Iran. Print 4. Tehran: Iqbal.##Khanikov, Nikolai Vladimirovich (1375). Travelogue of Khanikov. Translated by Aqdas Yaghmaei and Abolghasem Bigonah. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi.##Memoirs of Jafar Sharif Imami (1380). By the effort of Habib Lajevardi. Tehran: Negah Publishing.##Office of History (1380). By the efforts of Iraj Afshar. Volume 1. Tehran: Dr. Mahmoud Afshar Yazdi Endowment Foundation.##Deutsch, Carl et al. (1375). Theories of International Relations. Translated by Vahid Bozorgi. Volume 2. Tehran: University Jihad Publishing Institute (Majed).##Wright, Dennis (1359). The British among the Iranians. Translated by Lotfali Khanji. Tehran: Amirkabir.##Rais Tusi, Reza (Winter 1997). "Strategy of the burnt lands of Sistan in extinction (2)". Contemporary History of Iran. Year 1. No. 4. (19-68).##Sasani, Ahmad Khanumlek (1379). Politicians of the Qajar period. By the efforts of Seyed Morteza Al-Dawood. Tehran: Magestan.##Sykes, Sir Percy (1336). Ten Thousand Miles in Iran (General Sykes's Travelogue). Translated by Hossein Saadat Nouri. Tehran: Ibn Sina. Print 2.##Sepehr, Mohammad Taqi (Lesan Al- Molk) (1353). Nasekh Al Tavarikh of Qajar sultans. Print 3. Tehran: Islamic Bookstore.##Shaqaqi, Mirza Mahdi Khan (Momtahen Al-Dawlah) (1379). Maaser Mahdiha. Tehran: Printing and Publishing Center of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.##Sobhi, Saburi and Naseh (1386). Shajarat Al Molouk. Research, explanation and correction of Mansour Sefatgol. Tehran: Written Heritage.##Abbasi, Mohammad (1372). Government of the Shadows Secret and political documents of Mirza Hossein Khan Sepahsalar. Tehran: National Archives of Iran.##Frankel, Joseph (1370). International relations in a changing world. Translated by Abdul Rahman Alam. Tehran: Office of Political and International Studies. Print 2.##Farhang, Mir Mohammad Siddiq (1371). Afghanistan in the last five centuries. Volume 1. Tehran: Erfan Publications.##Qajar, Mirza Mohammad Jafar (2001). "Sistan Booklet". History Office. By the efforts of Iraj Afshar. Tehran: Dr. Mahmoud Afshar Endowment Foundation.##Kazemzadeh, Firooz (1371). Russia and Britain in Iran 1864-1914. Translated by Manouchehr Amiri. Print 2. Tehran: Islamic Revolution Publications and Education.##Curzon, George (1373). Iran and the case of Iran. Translated by Gholam Ali Vahid Mazandarani. Volume first and second. Tehran: Scientific and cultural publications. Print 4.##Kermani, Zulfiqar (1374). Geography of Nimroz. By the efforts of AzizAllah Atarodi. Tehran: Written Heritage.##Kermani, Zulfiqar (1379). Geography of Nimroz. By the effort of Azizallah Atarodi. Tehran: Written Heritage Publications.##Kohzad, Ahmad Ali (1376). Historians and Historical Events of Afghanistan, Peshawar: Library Knowledge, Print 2.##"Report to Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar about Heshmat al-Molk and Shahab al-Molk and the region of Ghaenat and Sistan and Baluchestan" (Autumn 2011). Quarterly Journal of Baharestan Documents, Press and Texts. By Mohammad Golbon. The second period. forth year. Thirteenth issue: (835-839).##Motavalli Haghighi, Yousuf (1383). Afghanistan and Iran. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi Islamic Research Foundation.##Mojtahedzadeh, Pirooz (1378). Border princes and eastern borders of Iran. Translated by Hamid Reza Malek Mohammadi Nouri. Tehran: Shirazeh Publications.##Mojtahedzadeh, Pirooz (1386). Small actors in the big game: The establishment of Iran's eastern borders and the emergence of Afghanistan. Translated by Abbas Ahmadi. Tehran: Moein.##Mohammad ghobar, MirGholam(1359). Afghanistan on the path of history. Volume 2. Qom: Bina.##Mahmoud, Mahmoud (1367). History of Iran-Britain political relations in the 19th century. Volume 3. Tehran: Iqbal.##Muayyar al-Malik, Doust Ali Khan (1390). Notes on the private life of Nasser al-Din Shah. Tehran: History Publishing. Print 4.##McGregor, C.M. (1366). Description of a trip to the province of Khorasan and northwestern Afghanistan. Translated by Majid Mehdizadeh. Volume 1. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi Publications.##Makki, Hussein (1362). Twenty years history of Iran. Volume 6. Tehran: Nasher publication.##Molkara, Abbas Mirza (2535). Biography of Abbas Mirza Molkara. By the efforts of Abdolhossein Navai. Tehran: Babak Publications. Print 2.##Malekshahi, Hashem (Spring 2008). "Britain and the separation of Balochistan". Contemporary History of Iran. Year 12. No. 45. (199-214).##Farpak Consulting Engineers (1363). Report of the first phase of the plan to supply and construct a drinking water network for all Sistan villages. Generalities and general specifications. Volume 1. Ministry of Health; Sistan and Baluchestan Regional Health Organization: Environmental Health Management of the province.##Naebian, Jalil; Sheikh Nouri, Mohammad Amir and Piri, Mohammad (Summer 2009). "Stablishment of Sistan from the Qajar dynasty to the surrender of Ali Khan Sarbandi". Historical research. New Issue. No. 2. (19-34).##Nouri, Noor Mohammad (1382). History of Afghanistan Golshan Emirate. Kabul: Maiwand Publications. Print 2.##Wayne, Anthony (1383). Iran in the big game. Translated by Abdolreza Houshang Mahdavi. Tehran: Peykan Publishing.##Holsty, K.G. (1373). Fundamentals of International Policy Analysis. Translated by Bahram Direct and Massoud Taromsari. Tehran: Publishing Institute of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.##Hedayat, RezaGholi (1380). Nasseri’s Roazat alsafae. Volume 10. Tehran: Asatir.##Yate, Charles Edward (1365). Travelogue of Khorasan and Sistan. Translated by Ghodrat Allah Roshani Zafaranloo, and Mehrdad Rahbari. Tehran: Yazdan Publications.##
Documents##Document Center and Diplomatic history of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran. Year 1306. Carton 46. File 4. Page 37.##Document Center and Diplomatic history of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran. Year 1308. Carton 20. File 119/33. Page 101.##National Documentation Center.29300651. Leaf 5.##Document Center and Diplomatic history of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran. Year 1309. Carton 18. File 116/33. Leaf 115.##Brobst, Peter John (1997). “Sir Frederic Goldsmid, and the Containment of Persia 1863-1873”. Middle East Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2: 197-215.##Burrell, R. M. (1997(. Iran Political Diaries 1881-1965.vol 2,11.Oxford: Archive Editions Limited.##Dyson, Stephen Benedict; Preston, Thomas (2006). “Individual Characteristics of Political Leaders and the use of Analogy in Foreign Policy Decision Making”. Political Psychology, Vol. 27, No. 2: 265-288.##Ronaldshay, Earl F. (1902). “A journey from Quette to Meshad via the Nushki sistan Trade-Route”. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1: 70-85.##Ferrier, J. P. (1976). Carvan Journeys and wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan and Beloochistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.##Goldsmid, Frederic (1876). Eastern Persia, Account of the Journeys of the Persian boundary commission 1870-71-72, Vol. 1. London: MacMillan.##Landor, A. Henry, Savage (1902). Across coveted lands or a journey from flushing (Holland) to Calcutta Overland, Vol. II. London: McMillan.##McMahon, Henry (1906). “Recent Survey and exploration in Sistan”. The Geographical Journal, Vol. XXVIII, No. 3: 209-228.##Rawlinson, Henry (1875). England and Russian 1n the East. London: john Murray.##

  • Receive Date 23 January 2021
  • Revise Date 26 May 2021
  • Accept Date 29 May 2021