اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 19 4 2025 08 23 A Localized Model of Marketing Strategies for Cultural and Artistic Institutions in Mashhad: A Qualitative Study ارائه الگوی بومی استراتژی های بازاریابی در موسسات فرهنگی و هنری شهر مشهد با رویکرد کیفی 9 44 226856 10.22034/fakh.2025.525226.1736 FA نفیسه ابراهیم نژاد دانشجو دکتری مدیریت بازرگانی- سیاست گذاری-دانشگاه بین المللی امام رضا(ع). مشهد. ایران 0009-0008-7557-8321 سید مرتضی غیور باغبانی استادیار گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم اداری، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام رضا (ع) . مشهد. ایران 0000-0001-5345-1516 سعید جعفری تیتکانلو استادیار گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم اداری، دانشگاه بین المللی امام رضا(ع).مشهد. ایران 0000-0002-8708-4440 مرتضی رجوعی دانشیار گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم اداری، دانشگاه بین المللی امام رضا(ع). مشهد. ایران 0000-0003-4135-3446 Journal Article 2025 05 21 Introduction In today’s dynamic economic, social and technological environment, organizations need targeted and adaptable marketing strategies to ensure survival and foster sustainable development (Derakhshani et al., 2020). This requirement is even more critical in the cultural and artistic industries, which serve as essential pillars of the cultural economy (Shadlouei, 2019; Ghanbari et al., 2022). Although these industries hold significant potential for job creation and cultural advancement, they continue to face persistent challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, underdeveloped marketing systems, and limited specialized training. These obstacles have constrained their growth and performance (Ghanbari et al., 2023). Designing comprehensive and localized marketing models offers a promising solution to address these limitations and strengthen the development of cultural industries. Globally, leading cultural institutions have achieved success by aligning their strategies with rapid market transformations and shifting consumer preferences. This necessity is particularly evident in Iran—especially in culturally rich cities like Mashhad—where, despite considerable potential, the absence of localized cultural marketing strategies has resulted in numerous missed opportunities (Ghanbari et al., 2023). Given the intangible and symbolic nature of artistic products, effective marketing in this sector requires approaches capable of not only promoting products but also communicating cultural values to audiences (Liu et al., 2021). Against this backdrop, the present paper aims to design a localized model of marketing strategy for cultural and artistic institutions in Mashhad, Iran. The results of the study will meaningfully contribute to the sustainable development of this sector. Method This study adopted a qualitative approach, employing both content analysis and thematic analysis. The first stage was concerned with a thorough analysis of the existing literature using keywords related to the marketing of cultural and artistic products. The retrieved studies were screened using a critical appraisal tool, and 75 high-quality articles were selected for in-depth analysis. From these sources, 408 initial codes were extracted, which were subsequently organized into 33 axial codes and consolidated into 7 main themes. In the second phase, empirical data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 experts from cultural and artistic institutions in Mashhad. Participants were selected using purposive sampling, and interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The interview data were analyzed through thematic analysis across three coding stages. This process yielded 144 basic themes, which were grouped into 32 organizing codes and ultimately synthesized into 7 overarching themes. To ensure the trustworthiness of the findings, several validation strategies were employed. Member checking and expert review were conducted to verify interpretations. Furthermore, inter-coder reliability was assessed using Cohen’s Kappa coefficient, resulting in a value of 0.78, indicating substantial agreement. By integrating theoretical and empirical insights, this mixed-method qualitative design provided a comprehensive understanding of marketing practices in cultural and artistic institutions and identified the key factors shaping this domain. Findings This study examined marketing strategies in the field of cultural and artistic products through a systematic process designed to purposefully collect credible domestic and international scientific articles published over the past decade. Sources included databases such as Springer, Science Direct, Emerald, Wiley, Irandoc, and Jahad Daneshgahi. Keywords such as marketing, marketing strategies, cultural products, and artistic products were used in the search. The selected articles were first evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool, and only those with a score above 31 were included in the final analysis. A qualitative content analysis was then conducted on 75 articles, yielding 408 initial codes, 33 axial codes, and ultimately 7 main categories. A portion of the coding process and detailed analysis is presented in the tables of the main article. In the second phase, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed thematically, resulting in the identification of 144 basic themes. These were subsequently grouped into 32 organizing themes and consolidated into 7 overarching themes. The analysis confirmed that theoretical saturation had been reached. The final conceptual model of the research comprised seven overarching themes: (1) environmental analysis, (2) targeting, (3) market segmentation, (4) positioning in the field of culture and art, (5) cultural and artistic products, (6) pricing, and (7) advertising. Together, these dimensions constitute the foundational elements of marketing strategies for cultural and artistic institutions in Mashhad. Conclusion In today’s rapidly changing environment, cultural and artistic institutions face numerous marketing challenges, including evolving consumer behavior, growing competition, and technological advancements. Beyond their cultural mission, these institutions play an important role in economic growth and employment. This study designed a context-specific marketing model for cultural institutions in Mashhad and proposed a comprehensive framework consisting of seven components: Environmental analysis: competitor analysis, market analysis of cultural and artistic industries, consumer analysis, and technology analysis. Market segmentation: based on geography, behavior, psychology, usage, and ethnicity. Positioning: including industry positioning, customer experience–driven positioning, value proposition development, quality positioning, and price-based positioning. Targeting: focusing on value, behavior, needs, and geographic location, with attention to both domestic and export markets. Cultural and artistic products: encompassing product development, diversity, quality, features, and benefits. Pricing: designed to be rational, competitive, and value-based. Advertising: through online platforms, traditional media, and awareness-building campaigns. Compared with traditional STP models and practical planning approaches, this model offers a more precise environmental analysis, richer segmentation, more nuanced targeting, and more specialized advertising strategies. Consequently, it is better suited to addressing the unique needs of cultural and artistic institutions in Mashhad. By identifying and structuring effective marketing strategies, this study not only provides a tailored framework for local institutions but also contributes to strengthening the broader cultural and artistic industries. استراتژی‌های بازاریابی در صنایع فرهنگی و هنری نقشی کلیدی در توسعه‌ی بازار و ایجاد ارتباط مؤثر با مخاطبان دارند. با توجه به کمبود منابع بومی در این زمینه، هدف پژوهش حاضر طراحی الگوی بومی استراتژی‌های بازاریابی برای مؤسسات فرهنگی و هنری شهر مشهد است. این پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و در دو مرحله انجام شد: در مرحله‌ی نخست، مقالات ده سال اخیر از پایگاه‌های علمی معتبر داخلی و بین‌المللی هدفمند انتخاب شدند. این مقالات با استفاده از ابزار ارزیابی مهارت‌های حیاتی (CASP) مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار گرفتند و در نهایت ۷۵ مقاله واجد شرایط تأیید شد. سپس، با روش تحلیل محتوا، ۴۰۸ کد اولیه استخراج گردید که در قالب ۳۳ کد محوری و ۷ مقوله‌ی اصلی دسته‌بندی شد. در مرحله‌ی دوم، به ‌منظور بومی‌سازی یافته‌ها، با ۱۲ نفر از خبرگان مؤسسات فرهنگی و هنری شهر مشهد، که به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شده‌اند، مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته انجام شد. داده‌های حاصل از این مصاحبه‌ها، با روش تحلیل مضمون، کدگذاری گردید. الگوی مفهومی طراحی‌شده شامل مؤلفه‌هایی در محورهای تحلیل محیطی، هدف‌گذاری، تقسیم‌بندی بازار، موقعیت‌یابی در حوزه‌ی فرهنگ و هنر، محصول فرهنگی و هنری، قیمت‌گذاری و تبلیغات است. این الگو می‌تواند به‌عنوان ابزاری راهبردی برای بهینه‌سازی فعالیت‌های بازاریابی در مؤسسات فرهنگی و هنری شهر مشهد، و ایجاد مزیت رقابتی در مواجهه با بازار رقابتی عصر حاضر مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

http://www.farhangekhorasan.ir/article_226856_37516991f9895dc9e518f8283461b1b5.pdf

اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 19 4 2025 08 23 Life Challenges in the Shadow of Headship Loss: The Narrative of a Female-Headed Household in Birjand چالش‌های زندگی در سایه بی‌سرپرستی: روایت یک زن سرپرست خانوار بیرجندی 45 82 226785 10.22034/fakh.2025.485781.1698 FA هادی براتی استادیار گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0000-0002-9677-4224 فرخ رو جلیلی استادیار گروه آموزش روانشناسی و مشاوره، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-2033-9998 حمیده جلیلی استادیار گروه آموزش علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران ، ایران رابعه چکی فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی علوم تربیتی دانشگاه فرهنگیان، بیرجند، ایران ماجده نجاتی فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی علوم تربیتی دانشگاه فرهنگیان، بیرجند، ایران 0000-0002-3094-5705 Journal Article 2024 11 23 Introduction Female-headed households constitute one of the most vulnerable social groups globally, facing considerable psychological, social, and economic pressures. These women not only fulfill traditional female roles but also carry the full responsibility of managing and providing for their families, which creates distinct and multifaceted challenges. The literature highlights a wide range of difficulties encountered by female heads of households, including financial hardship, restricted access to education, insufficient social support, and psychosocial strains that collectively undermine their quality of life and overall well-being. This vulnerability is particularly acute in rural regions and provinces such as South Khorasan, Iran, where female-headed households represent a significant portion of the population. Understanding their lived experiences, the underlying factors shaping these challenges, and their broader consequences is therefore essential for designing effective interventions. Against this backdrop, the present study employs a qualitative narrative inquiry to examine the life challenges of a rural female household head in Birjand, with a focus on the socio-economic and psychological dimensions of her experience. Methodology This study adopts a qualitative narrative inquiry approach, emphasizing the exploration of lived experiences through personal storytelling situated within social, temporal, and spatial contexts. Data were collected through semi-structured narrative interviews with a rural female head of household, approximately 65 years old, and were complemented by the researcher’s field notes and direct observations to enrich contextual understanding. Purposive sampling was employed to ensure the participant’s unique situation provided deep and relevant insights into the research questions. Interview transcripts were prepared verbatim, and data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis and systematic coding. Fourteen organizing themes were identified and subsequently distilled into four overarching themes representing the core challenges. Intercoder reliability, assessed using Holsti’s coefficient, produced a strong agreement score of 0.81, confirming analytical rigor. To further enhance trustworthiness, triangulation was applied by cross-validating participant quotations, thematic structures, and findings from existing scholarly literature. Findings The analysis revealed four overarching categories that capture the major challenges faced by rural female-headed households: Economic Instability and Informal Employment The participant described subsisting on meager wages earned through long working hours in irregular, part-time, or home-based jobs that lacked job security and employment benefits. Such conditions reinforce persistent poverty and erode household living standards. As a result, there is an increased reliance on governmental aid and charitable organizations, which, while offering temporary relief, remain insufficient to address the structural roots of economic instability. Educational and Skill Deficits Limited literacy, restricted access to higher education, and inadequate vocational training were reported as significant barriers to stable employment and sustainable income generation. These deficits not only constrain individual opportunities but also perpetuate intergenerational cycles of poverty, limiting economic mobility and undermining long-term family stability. Insufficient Social Support The participant’s account highlighted the absence of adequate social protection, particularly in areas such as childcare and domestic responsibilities. Weak social policies and a sense of societal isolation further compound the difficulties experienced by female heads of households in rural contexts, leaving them with few reliable support networks. Psychological and Social Challenges The heavy burden of multiple role responsibilities was linked to feelings of loneliness, social stigma, and heightened psychological stress. These pressures diminish coping and crisis-management capacities while also undermining both mental and physical health. Taken together, these themes demonstrate the multidimensional and interrelated nature of the challenges faced by rural female-headed households. They underscore the urgent need for comprehensive, multisectoral interventions that are sensitive to the economic, educational, social, and psychological dimensions of women’s lived experiences. Discussion The findings closely align with both national and international research, indicating that the vulnerabilities of female-headed households extend far beyond economic deprivation. The dynamic interplay of financial hardship, limited educational opportunities, inadequate social support, and psychosocial strain underscores the need for holistic and integrated policies. Economic empowerment, while necessary, cannot be effective in isolation without parallel reforms in the social, cultural, and educational domains, alongside accessible psychological care. Policies aimed at improving literacy, vocational training, and social protection must therefore be complemented by mental health services and stigma-reduction initiatives. Social support programs should be designed with sensitivity to the caregiving and domestic responsibilities uniquely borne by female heads of households. Furthermore, fostering community engagement and participatory approaches in program design can enhance resilience and build social capital, both of which are essential for sustainable change. The participant’s narrative highlights the importance of reframing female heads of households not as passive recipients of aid but as active agents who, when adequately supported, can navigate adversity and foster family stability. This perspective resonates with contemporary theoretical approaches that emphasize strengths-based frameworks, underscoring women’s agency, resilience, and capacity for self-determination. Conclusion This study provides in-depth qualitative insights into the lived realities of a rural female-headed household in Birjand, Iran, revealing a complex nexus of economic, educational, social, and psychological challenges. The findings advocate for comprehensive, inclusive policy frameworks that move beyond addressing material poverty to also confront educational deficits, social isolation, and mental health concerns. Effective interventions should be multidimensional, integrating capacity-building initiatives, social protection, healthcare, and equitable access to education to promote sustainable empowerment. Such holistic approaches require coordinated efforts among government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and community-based groups. Future research should broaden the scope by including a more diverse sample of participants across different regions, employing mixed-methods designs to both validate emerging themes and test targeted interventions. Addressing the multifaceted needs of female-headed households is not only critical for advancing social equity and reducing poverty but also for promoting sustainable community development in rural Iran and comparable global contexts. زنان سرپرست خانوار از آسیب‌پذیرترین گروه‌های اجتماعی به شمار می‌روند و، در مقایسه با سایر زنان، فشارهای روانی- اجتماعی بیشتری را تجربه می‌کنند و از کیفیت زندگی پایین‌تری برخوردارند؛ ازاین‌رو، بررسی کیفیت زندگی آن‌ها ضروری است. پژوهش حاضر، با رویکرد کیفی و روش روایت‌پژوهی، بـر روی روایت‌های یک زن روستایی حدوداً 65 ساله‌ی سرپرست خانوار متمرکز شـده است. داده‌ها، از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته‌ی روایتی و یادداشت‌های میدانی، گردآوری و با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمون و کدگذاری بررسی شدند که به شناسایی 14 مضمون سازمان‌دهنده منجر شد؛ این مضامین در چهار مضمون فراگیر دسته‌بندی شدند. برای اطمینان از پایایی، ضریب توافق کدگذاران (ضریب هولستی) محاسبه شد که مقدار آن 81/0 بود. همچنین، برای اعتباربخشی به یافته‌ها، از روش مثلث‌سازی (ترکیب نقل‌قول مستقیم، مضامین استخراج‌شده و یافته‌های پژوهش‌های پیشین) استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها نشان می‌دهد که علل اصلی پدیدآورنده‌ی چالش‌های یک زن سرپرست خانوار روستایی را می‌توان در قالب چالش آموزشی و مهارتی، چالش‌ نبود حمایت اجتماعی لازم ، چالش‌ اقتصاد ناپایدار و چالش مشکلات روانی ـ اجتماعی طبقه‌بندی کرد. همچنین نتایج نشان می‌دهد که موانع آموزشی و مهارتی، نظیر کم‌سوادی، عدم دسترسی به آموزش عالی و نبود فرصت‌های مهارت‌آموزی، منجر به محدودیت انتخاب شغل و درآمدزایی می‌شود که در نهایت موجب اقتصاد ناپایدار و مشاغل غیررسمی زن سرپرست خانوار شده است؛ از سوی دیگر، عدم حمایت اجتماعی لازم، به دلیل مسئولیت‌های سنگین مراقبت و بزرگ کردن فرزندان به تنهایی، محدودیت‌هایی در انتخاب شغل ایجاد کرده که در نهایت، مشکلات روانی ـ اجتماعی مانند احساس انزوا و استرس را به دنبال داشته است.

http://www.farhangekhorasan.ir/article_226785_9e492f34ee1b5d4b2543bb56ccd639c7.pdf

اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 19 4 2025 08 23 The Message of Poetry and Poetics in Attar’s Moṣībat-nāma: A Poet from Khorasan, the Cradle of Persian Poetry رسالت شعر و شاعری در مصیبت‌نامه عطار، شاعری از خراسان، مهد شعر فارسی 83 110 226786 10.22034/fakh.2025.519558.1731 FA زهرا خاکباز دانشجوی دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی گرایش ادبیات غنایی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس 0000-0001-5417-9411 ناصر نیکوبخت استاد گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس 0000-0001-5417-9411 نجمه دری دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس 0000-0001-5417-9411 Journal Article 2025 04 27 Introduction In the study of Persian literary theory, attention to the perspectives of classical poets regarding the mission of poetry is an often overlooked yet highly valuable topic. Analyzing these perspectives, particularly in classical poetic texts, can play a decisive role in shaping an indigenous theory of Persian poetry. One of the most prominent poet-thinkers whose works contain profound reflections on the function and purpose of poetry is Attar of Nishapur. Among his works, Moṣībat-nāma occupies a special place; according to Shafiei Kadkani, it is, after The Conference of the Birds, Attar’s most important masnavi, in which the poet presents deep and original views on poetry, the poet, and the audience. Unlike many of his predecessors, Attar, with a quasi-philosophical perspective influenced by Sufism, defines multifaceted missions for poetry, which are particularly manifested in Moṣībat-nāma. This article aims to extract and classify these missions and, focusing on the text of Moṣībat-nāma, examines Attar’s views on the purpose and mission of poetry. This study is guided by this research question: What are the dimensions and functions of the mission of poetry and the poet in Attar’s view, as presented in Moṣībat-nāma, and into what categories can they be divided? Methodology This research employs a qualitative approach using a descriptive-analytical method. The study’s primary focus is the content analysis of the versified text of the Moṣībat-nāma, a Sufi epic poem by Attar of Nishapur, which is considered one of the most vital sources for examining his views on poetry and the role of the poet. The first step involved a meticulous reading and re-reading of the entire Musibat Nāma, from which all couplets alluding to concepts related to the mission of poetry and the poet were extracted. In the second stage, the selected couplets underwent thematic analysis. They were then classified into four overarching categories: the poet’s mission in relation to the audience, the poet himself, poetry, and silence. Each of these categories was further subdivided into sub-themes. This classification was constructed based on the concepts derived directly from the text, supported by references to interpretive sources, works by classical critics, contemporary Sufi texts, and an analysis of classical Persian poetic theory. Furthermore, to better elucidate Attar's perspective, comparative references were made to the works of other poets such as Sanā'ī, Nāṣer Khosrow, and Niẓāmī. The ultimate goal of this methodology was to achieve a systematic portrayal of the position of poetry within Attar's worldview and to formulate his theory of poetry with an indigenous approach rooted in the Iranian-Islamic intellectual tradition. Research Findings A careful examination of Moṣībat-nāma reveals that Attar of Nishapur conceives four categories of responsibility for poetry and the poet: Responsibility toward the audience: The poet’s primary duty is to address the intellectual and religious concerns of the audience and to justify the legitimacy of poetry before the law of religion. Attentiveness to the audience’s capacity for understanding is also essential, ensuring that the poet’s words correspond to the listener’s level of comprehension. Responsibility toward the poet: The poet must cultivate their own inner capacity to receive and comprehend sublime meanings, composing poetry in moments of leisure and free from the distractions of daily life. Responsibility toward the poem: This responsibility operates on two levels: formal and substantive. Formally, the poet is obligated to observe meter, rhyme, refrain, and structural conventions. Substantively, the poet must convey wisdom, avoid flattery and satire, and strive for originality in expression. The responsibility of silence: The poet must recognize when to remain silent. In Attar’s view, silence can at times surpass even the most sagacious speech, serving as a marker of the poet’s mystical maturity and wisdom. Collectively, these responsibilities constitute a value-based framework for the poet’s duties, which is unparalleled in the Persian mystical and literary tradition. Discussion and Conclusion In the Persian literary tradition, the poet’s responsibilities, particularly from the perspective of reflective poets, have seldom been examined in a systematic manner. In his poem Moṣībat-nāma, Attar of Nishapur addresses this topic from philosophical, mystical, and critical perspectives, defining multifaceted responsibilities for both poetry and the poet. The findings of this study indicate that, from Attar’s viewpoint, the poet’s responsibility extends beyond mere artistic expression to encompass domains such as religious instruction, moral refinement, intellectual flourishing, social critique, and even sagacious silence. According to Attar, the poet bears responsibility toward four elements: the audience, the self, the poetic text, and the divine. Toward the audience, the poet must provide religious persuasion and ensure that the message aligns with the listener’s capacity for understanding. Toward the self, the poet must cultivate moral refinement and the ability to apprehend spiritual mysteries. Toward the poem, the poet must remain faithful both to form and content. And toward the ultimate truth, the poet may at times resort to silence. This value-driven perspective frames poetry not merely as a craft or linguistic play but as a manifestation of wisdom, guidance, and the awakening of meaning. Attar’s theory in Moṣībat-nāma, emerging from the mystical tradition of Khorasan, possesses the potential to contribute to the formulation of an indigenous theory of Persian poetry and offers a significant step toward re-evaluating the poet’s duties within the Iranian–Islamic cultural context. عطار نیشابوری، شاعر و عارف قرن ششم و اوایل قرن هفتم هجری، نظریه‌های جامعی درباره‌ی رسالت شعر و شاعری دارد. خراسان مهدِ شعر فارسی دری است؛ از این جهت، در شکلگیری نظریه‌ی شعری فارسی تأثیر بسزایی داشته است. یکی از مهم‌ترین آثار عطار مصیبت‌نامه است که در آن شعر بیرون از جهان شعری و با دیدی فلسفی روایت شده است. پژوهش حاضر، که به شیوه‌ی توصیفی ـ تحلیلی انجام شده، مقوله‌ی رسالت شعر و شاعری از دیدگاه عطار در مصیبت‌نامه را به‌طورکامل تحلیل و طبقه‌بندی کرده است. پس از بررسی مصیبت‌نامه و استخراج ابیات موردنظر، اشعار موجود در چهار دسته طبقه‌بندی‌ شدند که عبارت‌اند از: 1. رسالت شعر و شاعری در برابر مخاطب که شامل توجه به نگرش دینی و ظرف وجودی مخاطب است؛ 2. رسالت شعر و شاعری در برابر شاعر که شامل توجه به توسعه‌ی وجودی او و فارغ بودنش است؛ 3. رسالت شعر و شاعری در برابر شعر که نخستین آن، پرهیز از تکلّف است و سپس در دو دسته‌ی کلی رسالت صوری و محتوایی بررسی شده است. رسالت صوری شامل عروض و قافیه‌‌دانی است و زیرمجموعه‌های رسالت محتوایی عبارت‌اند از: رسالت شرعی، حکمی، پرهیز از مدح، هزل و بکرسرایی؛ 4. رسالت شعر و شاعری برای ملزم کردن شعر و شاعر به خاموشی در برخی امور که این مقوله در دو دسته‌ی حکیمانه و عارفانه بررسی شده است.

http://www.farhangekhorasan.ir/article_226786_471129d7d23885a1f97f2ff97948884b.pdf

اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 19 4 2025 08 23 The Role of Railway Infrastructure in Promoting Political Spatial Development and Sustainable Security in Southern Khorasan Province تحلیل نقش زیرساخت‌های ریلی در ارتقای توسعه سیاسی فضا و امنیت پایدار خراسان جنوبی 111 148 227147 10.22034/fakh.2025.526252.1737 FA وحید کیانی استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه بیرجند 0000-0003-3794-8420 بهرام رضائی دانش اموخته کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه بیرجند 0000-0003-0927-5054 Journal Article 2025 05 26 Introduction Railway transport networks, as critical infrastructure, play a vital role in shaping spatial structures and promoting sustainable security across regions. These networks facilitate the movement of goods, services, and human capital, reduce transportation costs, enhance economic competitiveness, and generate investment opportunities—factors widely recognized in development studies and policymaking. In Iran, expanding the railway network is a central component of national development programs and holds significant potential for socio-economic advancement in underdeveloped regions such as South Khorasan. Previous research has shown that railway development in Iran leads to lower transport costs, heightened economic competition, increased domestic and foreign investment, and improved logistics for mineral and agricultural products. Additionally, railways contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing pollution and energy consumption, a critical concern in the context of global climate change. From a security perspective, railways facilitate military logistics, strengthen border security, and mitigate the impact of transport disruptions, thereby supporting sustainable regional security. Despite extensive studies on the economic and spatial impacts of railway networks at national and regional scales—mostly through econometric analyses—their direct role in political spatial development and sustainable security remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining the impacts of railway infrastructure on the economic, political, and security dimensions of South Khorasan, a peripheral border province. Using a mixed descriptive-analytical and survey-based methodology, the research provides novel insights into the broader socio-political effects of railway development, enriching existing knowledge and informing region-specific strategies. Methodology This descriptive-analytical study employed a researcher-designed questionnaire consisting of 45 items, divided into two domains: economic development (24 items) and sustainable security (21 items). Responses were measured on a five-point Likert scale ranging from very low to very high. Content validity was ensured through expert review, while reliability was confirmed via a pilot test, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients exceeding 0.9. The study sample included 270 economic actors and domain experts associated with the provincial railway network. Data were analyzed using SPSS, applying non-parametric binomial tests and t-tests for inferential statistics. Findings The results demonstrate that improved railway access significantly enhances investment attraction, mine revitalization, border market development, and transportation cost reduction (Table 5). Inferential analyses confirm that the railway network’s economic impact on the province is well above average (M = 4.06, p < 0.001). In terms of sustainable security, the railway contributes substantially to strengthening border security, facilitating military logistics, and reinforcing regional security, with statistically significant effects (M = 3.86, p < 0.001). Friedman test results further highlight border market activation and mine revitalization as the most influential economic impacts, while food security sustainability and the neutralization of transport strikes emerge as key outcomes in the security domain. Discussion and Conclusion The findings confirm that railway network development exerts a strong positive influence on Southern Khorasan’s economic, political, and security landscape. As critical infrastructure, the railway fosters investment, employment generation, border security, and social stability, while also mitigating center–periphery disparities. By reducing the province’s geopolitical isolation and enhancing governance indicators, the railway acts as a catalyst for broader national cohesion. Through a mixed-methods approach in a less-developed regional context, this study provides a comprehensive perspective on the multifaceted effects of transport infrastructure, extending beyond economic growth to encompass political and security dimensions. Nevertheless, limitations such as the single-province focus suggest the need for future research across broader geographic and methodological scopes to strengthen generalizability. Policymakers are advised to incorporate political and security considerations into railway development planning to maximize long-term benefits. شبکه‌ی ریلی، به عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین زیرساخت‌های حمل و نقل و توسعه‌ی اقتصادی، نقشی کلیدی در توسعه‌ی سیاسی فضا و ارتقای امنیت پایدار در مناطق مختلف ایفا می‌کند. استان خراسان جنوبی، با موقعیت جغرافیایی ویژه و ظرفیت‌های معدنی و مرزی، از اهمیت بالایی در توسعه‌ی محور شرق کشور برخوردار است. اما نبود شبکه‌ی ریلی مناسب، استان را در بن‌بست ارتباطی قرار داده است. ضرورت این تحقیق در بررسی دقیق نقش شبکه‌ی ریلی در توسعه‌ی سیاسی فضا و تأثیر آن بر توسعه‌ی اقتصادی و امنیت پایدار استان خراسان جنوبی نهفته است تا بتوان راهکارهای مناسب جهت ارتقای زیرساخت‌های حمل و نقل و توسعه‌ی منطقه‌ای ارائه داد. هدف اصلی پژوهش، شناسایی و تحلیل تأثیرات شبکه‌ی ریلی بر توسعه‌ی سیاسی فضا با تمرکز بر ابعاد اقتصادی و امنیتی در استان خراسان جنوبی است. این مطالعه با استفاده از روش تحقیق توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و به‌صورت کاربردی انجام شده است. داده‌ها از طریق پرسش‌نامه‌های محقق‌ساخته و با نمونه‌ای شامل 273 نفر از افراد بالای 18 سال ساکن استان گردآوری شده است. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون‌های آماری پارامتریک و ناپارامتریک، نظیر آزمون کولموگروف-اسمیرنف، آزمون t یک‌نمونه‌ای، آزمون دوجمله‌ای و آزمون فریدمن، انجام شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که شبکه‌ی ریلی تأثیر قابل توجه و معناداری در توسعه‌ی اقتصادی و امنیت پایدار استان دارد. فعال شدن بازارچه‌های مرزی با افغانستان، فعال شدن معادن و تأسیس کارخانجات مرتبط، انتقال سریع و ارزان محصولات به بازارهای بین‌المللی، پایداری انبارهای ذخیره‌ی کالاهای اساسی و سوخت، خنثی‌سازی اعتصابات شبکه‌ی حمل و نقل جاده‌ای و ارتقای امنیت اقتصادی و اجتماعی مهم‌ترین نتایج توسعه شبکه‌ی ریلی است و بر این موضوع تأکید می‌کند که توسعه‌ی شبکه‌ی ریلی می‌تواند به عنوان راهبردی مؤثر در ارتقای توسعه‌ی سیاسی فضا و امنیت پایدار استان خراسان جنوبی مورد توجه قرار گیرد.

http://www.farhangekhorasan.ir/article_227147_5ba6b2b69fad32b46da03e3d9adf3531.pdf

اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 19 4 2025 08 23 A Sociological Analysis of Conspicuous Consumption in Death Industry: The Case of Birjand تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی مصرف‌گرایی در مراسم ترحیم؛ مطالعه موردی : بیرجند 149 193 226310 10.22034/fakh.2025.516700.1726 FA نجمه مودی دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد پژوهش علوم اجتماعی، گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، ایران 0009-0004-3994-9034 حمید مسعودی استادیار گروه جامعه شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی ، دانشگاه بیرجند، ایران 0000-0003-0497-434X Journal Article 2025 04 14 Introduction Death, as a multifaceted phenomenon in the social sciences, is examined through cultural, psychological, and economic lenses, carrying profound meanings across societies. In Western contexts, death rituals have shifted from traditional ceremonies to personalized, commodified practices that emphasize individuality and identity (Bryant-Jefferies, 2006; Mandel & Smeesters, 2008). Such conspicuous consumption enables individuals to symbolically address mortality and pursue desires for immortality (Zaleskiewicz et al., 2013). In contrast, in Iran—particularly in Birjand—mourning rituals are deeply rooted in religious and traditional values, maintaining a collective nature that fosters social cohesion. These rituals include elaborate ceremonies on the first, third, seventh, and fortieth days after death, marked by extensive participation of kin and lavish hospitality, differing from the Western focus on personal memorials (Khodadadi Sangdeh et al., 2014). Cultural and economic transformations, amplified by media influence, have driven the trend toward conspicuous consumption in death rituals. Sociological theories, including agenda-setting (McCombs & Shaw, 1972), cultivation (Gerbner et al., 1986), and consumption (Baudrillard, 2016), suggest that media portrayals of lavish ceremonies elevate them as symbols of social status, promoting consumptive patterns. In Birjand, social and economic pressures compel families to organize costly rituals, resulting in both psychological and financial strain. This study sociologically analyzes Birjand residents’ inclination toward the death industry, exploring its causes, contexts, strategies, and consequences, and proposes solutions for mitigating pressures and redefining mourning practices. Methodology This research adopts a qualitative approach using the systematic grounded theory method, based on Strauss and Corbin (2016), which emphasizes deriving theory from systematically collected data without preconceived assumptions (Strauss & Corbin, 2016: 34). This method was chosen to directly investigate the phenomenon of death in real-life contexts, capturing the ritualistic and emotional shifts in Birjand’s mourning practices. Theoretical sampling was employed, involving simultaneous data collection and analysis to develop the theory (Flick et al., 2017: 138). Sixteen semi-structured interviews with organizers of lavish funeral ceremonies in Birjand were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were used to select participants. Validity was ensured through rigorous execution of each stage, from data collection to analysis. Reliability was established through credibility (reflecting interviewees’ perspectives), confirmability (using credible sources), dependability (detailed coding and analysis processes), and transferability (rich descriptions of Birjand’s cultural and social context). Findings indicate that the inclination toward costly ceremonies stems from social pressures, the preservation of honor, and adherence to cultural norms, providing a robust framework for understanding this phenomenon. Findings Using grounded theory, 324 codes, 201 concepts, and 31 main categories were extracted from interviews with 16 funeral organizers in Birjand. These were analyzed within a paradigmatic model encompassing causal, contextual, and intervening conditions, as well as strategies and consequences. The central phenomenon, termed the “death industry” is shaped by causal conditions such as concern for public perception, honoring the deceased, consolidating social status, maintaining spiritual bonds, displaying identity, adapting to crises, simplifying processes, cultural influence, sustained empathy, balancing aesthetics with ritual meaning, and emotional impact. Contextual conditions include entrenched traditions, economic dynamics, social participation, and the harms associated with superficiality in mourning practices. Identified strategies involve managing social and financial pressures, reducing costs, integrating cultural and traditional elements, resisting lavish rituals, and emphasizing spiritual solace and higher mourning objectives. However, these strategies encounter challenges such as operational difficulties, psychological stress, and financial burdens. The consequences extend across social and cultural dimensions of mourning, financial complexities, psychological and emotional effects, spiritual and religious values, transformations in ritual practices, and operational challenges. Overall, the findings indicate that the inclination toward costly ceremonies in Birjand arises from social pressures, cultural norms, and the desire to display social status, yet it also generates significant financial, psychological, and operational challenges. The results provide a comprehensive framework for understanding this phenomenon and suggest actionable solutions to mitigate associated pressures. Discussion and Conclusion The inclination of Birjand residents toward the death industry is a complex phenomenon shaped by the interplay of social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors, amplified by media influence, conspicuous consumption, and identity redefinition. Qualitative findings, grounded in interviews and supported by sociological theories, reveal that motivations such as concern for public perception, honoring the deceased, consolidating social status, maintaining spiritual bonds, and displaying identity drive families to organize costly rituals. Theories such as agenda-setting (Shaw & McCombs, 1972), cultivation (Gerbner et al., 1986), hypodermic needle (Severin & Tankard, 2001), and diffusion (Kapferer, cited in Mohammadpour et al., 2009) demonstrate how media portrayals of lavish ceremonies establish them as symbols of social prestige, thereby promoting consumptive behaviors. Likewise, theories of consumption (Baudrillard, 2016), conspicuous consumption (Veblen, cited in Bayngani et al., 2013), and habitus (Bourdieu, cited in Hamidi & Faraji, 2008) highlight families’ use of luxury services to display identity and social standing. Giddens’ theory of reflexivity (cited in Alizadeh Aghdam, 2019) further suggests that in modern societies, individuals redefine their identities through lifestyle choices, including ritual practices. The consequences of this trend include financial pressures, psychological stress, cultural shifts in mourning practices, and operational challenges, often transforming mourning from a process of solace into one of competition. To mitigate these pressures, proposed solutions include public education to promote simplified rituals, media campaigns advocating meaningful mourning, provision of counseling and financial support services, and a stronger emphasis on cultural and religious values over superficial displays. This study provides both a theoretical and empirical framework for redefining death rituals as meaningful, cohesive practices. It offers guidance for cultural and social policymaking aimed at alleviating the burdens on bereaved families and fostering rituals that prioritize emotional healing and social solidarity. برگزاری مراسم تدفین مانند گذشته صرفاً پدیده‌ای فرهنگی و اجتماعی نیست و امروزه بُعد اقتصادی و مصرفی آن نیز برجسته شده است؛ این موضوع مناسک مرگ را به صنعت مرگ تبدیل کرده است؛ لذا هدف این پژوهش درک و تحلیل علل و نتایج تمایل مردم شهر بیرجند به صنعت مرگ است. منظور از صنعت مرگ، مصرفی‌شدن، نمایشی‌شدن، تخصصی‌شدن، اقتصادی‌شدن و برون‌سپاری برگزاری مراسم به شرکت‌های خدماتی است. روش پژوهش از نوع کیفی و مبتنی بر روش گرنددتئوری بوده و داده‌ها، از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با 16 نفر از افرادی که تجربه‌ی برگزاری مجلل مراسم تدفین را داشته‌اند، جمع‌آوری شده است. داده‌ها پس از گردآوری در سه مرحله‌ی کدگذاری باز، محوری و هسته‌ای تحلیل و مقولات گزارش گردید. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد مناسک مرگ در بیرجند بازتاب‌دهنده‌ی باورهای مذهبی و فرهنگی بوده و با فرایندهای اجتماعی و روانی مرتبط است. شرایط علّی مؤثر در گرایش به «صنعت مرگ» شامل حفظ مقبولیت اجتماعی، پاسداشت یاد متوفی، تثبیت جایگاه اجتماعی و نمایش هویت است. شرایط زمینه‌ای مانند سنت‌ها، عرف، مسائل مالی و فشارهای اقتصادی در شکل‌گیری این مناسک نقش دارند. راهبردهای افراد شامل کاهش هزینه‌ها، ساده‌سازی مراسم، مقاومت در برابر فشارهای اجتماعی و کمک به امور خیریه است. پیامدهای این مراسم شامل فشار روانی، اسراف مالی، دشواری‌های اجرایی، تأثیرات عاطفی و نیز حمایت عاطفی، همدردی و آرامش خاطر بازماندگان است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که مناسک مرگ در بیرجند تحت‌تأثیر باورهای فرهنگی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی شکل می‌گیرند. گرایش به مصرف‌گرایی برای حفظ جایگاه اجتماعی و هویت است. راهبردهای ساده‌سازی و کمک به خیریه تلاشی برای کاهش فشارهای مالی و اجتماعی است. پیامدهای منفی، مانند اسراف و فشار روانی، در کنار پیامدهای مثبت، مثل حمایت عاطفی، لزوم تعادل بین سنت و کاهش تشریفات را نشان می‌دهد.

http://www.farhangekhorasan.ir/article_226310_0f11a17812091cd90c3ef786b391c3b9.pdf

اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 19 4 2025 08 23 Assessing and Analyzing Good Governance in Rural Areas The Case of Zirkuh County سنجش وتحلیل حکمروایی خوب در نواحی روستایی، موردمطالعه: شهرستان زیرکوه 193 222 226312 10.22034/fakh.2025.521527.1732 FA جواد میکانیکی دانشیارگروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0009-0008-8108-0116 Journal Article 2025 05 10 Introduction Rural good governance, with respect to its indicators, is considered one of the most important and effective approaches to addressing the challenges facing rural development. Zirkuh County, located on the border of South Khorasan Province, despite its relative regional capacities and environmental potential, does not enjoy a favorable position in terms of development indicators. Accordingly, the adoption of good governance—given its positive impacts—can play an effective role in the development of rural areas, as it fosters collective consensus and cooperation. Considering the importance of management in achieving sustainable development, along with new management paradigms grounded in good governance, this study seeks to assess the state of governance in the rural areas of Zirkuh County. The research aims to answer the following questions: What is the current status of governance indicators in the studied villages? And how do the districts of Zirkuh County rank in relation to one another based on the level of rural governance? Research Methodology The present study is descriptive-analytical in nature, documentary-survey in terms of data collection, and applied in terms of its objectives. In the library phase, the theoretical foundations of the research were compiled through consultation of libraries, relevant books, theses, and scientific and research databases. Subsequently, a survey was conducted, and questionnaires were distributed in the selected sample villages. After data collection, the level of good governance in the sample villages was assessed and analyzed by section using descriptive statistics and inferential tests. A one-sample t-test was employed to determine the degree of good governance in the villages, and SPSS 26 software was used for data analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of 46 villages with more than 50 households in Zirkuh County, comprising a total of 7,220 households. Zirkuh County is administratively divided into three districts (Central, Shaskuh, and Zohan) and six rural districts (Zirkuh, Petergan, Shaskuh, Behnabad, Zohan and Afin). Cochran’s formula was used to estimate the sample size, resulting in 364 households at the household level. For greater precision, the sample size was increased to 373 households. Findings In the Central District of Zirkuh County, the indicators of participation, rule of law, accountability, and consensus orientation were above the average level, while the indicators of responsibility, transparency, efficiency, and justice orientation were below average. Among these, the participation indicator had the highest mean score (3.42), whereas the justice orientation indicator had the lowest mean (2.06). From the perspective of the sampled households in Shaskuh District, the indicators of participation, rule of law, accountability, and consensus orientation were at an average level and slightly above the numerical threshold of 3, while the other indicators were assessed below the desired level. In this district, the participation indicator had the highest mean (3.38), and the responsibility indicator had the lowest (2.33). The findings for Zohan District indicated that the indicators of participation, rule of law, and consensus orientation were above average, whereas the remaining indicators were below average. Overall, the results indicate that in all districts of Zirkuh County, the participation indicator exceeds the desired numerical threshold and ranks first, reflecting the participatory capacity of the rural community in modern rural management within the study area. However, the results of the tests reveal that the overall status of good governance in the study area is unfavorable. Specifically, the mean score of rural governance indicators was 2.52 in the Central District, 2.87 in Shaskuh District, and 2.84 in Zohan District, with statistically significant differences. The results further show that the participation indicator in the studied villages of Zirkuh County had the highest mean (3.40). The indicators of rule of law (mean = 3.28) and accountability (mean = 3.11) were at a relatively favorable level, whereas the other indicators—responsibility, consensus orientation, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, and justice orientation—were below the desired numerical threshold. Among all indicators, efficiency and effectiveness had the lowest mean (2.34) from the perspective of the sampled households, indicating a poorer status compared to the other governance indicators. Discussion Among the eight main indicators of good governance, only the participation indicator in all three districts under study (Central, Shaskuh, and Zohan) had a mean above the desired numerical level (3) and was reported as statistically significant. This finding indicates that the rural community in the study area has a high capacity and willingness to participate in decision-making processes and local governance. Participatory capacities, both in terms of subjective participation (individuals’ mindset toward participation, collective thinking, and cooperative will in problem-solving) and objective participation (interaction among villagers, involvement in public and social activities), were at a satisfactory level in the study area. In contrast, the other indicators, including transparency, accountability, justice orientation, and efficiency and effectiveness, were in an unfavorable condition. In particular, the indicators of efficiency and effectiveness (mean = 2.34) and justice orientation (mean = 2.49) were at the lowest levels. These results suggest that governance structures in the rural areas under study face serious challenges from the perspective of the local community, especially regarding effectiveness, social justice, and transparency. Overall, the mean of the good governance indicators across the three districts of Zirkuh County was below the desired level, and these differences were statistically significant. حکمروایی خوب الگوی مدیریتی نوین جهت حل چالش‌های فراروی توسعه‌ی روستایی است و شاخص‌های آن پیشران و لازمه‌ی توسعه پایدار روستایی به‌حساب می‌آید؛ براین‌اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف سنجش و تحلیل وضعیت حکمروایی خوب در سکونتگاه‌های روستایی شهرستان زیرکوه انجام‌گرفته است. این تحقیق، از نظر هدف، کاربردی و ماهیت آن توصیفی ـ تحلیلی است. روش نمونه‌گیری، احتمالی و از نوع طبقه‌ای ـ تصادفی بوده است. جامعه‌ی آماری مورد مطالعه روستاهای بالای 50 خانوار شهرستان زیرکوه (شامل 46 روستا با 7220 خانوار) بوده که، با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، حجم نمونه‌ی 373 خانوار به دست آمد. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، پرسش‌نامه‌ی محقق‌ساخته شامل 8 شاخص در قالب 75 گویه است. پایایی ابزار اندازه‌گیری برای شاخص‌های پژوهش براساس آلفای کرونباخ بین 901/0 تا 787/0 محاسبه شد. جهت تجزیه ‌و تحلیل داده‌ها، از آماره‌های توصیفی مانند میانگین، انحراف معیار و برای تحلیل استنباطی نیز از آزمون تی‌ تک‌نمونه‌ای استفاده شد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که از میان شاخص‌های هشت‌گانه‌ی حکمروایی خوب، مشارکت با میانگین4/3، قانون‌محوری 28/3، پاسخ‌گویی و اجماع‌محوری با میانگین 11/3 در وضعیت نسبتاً مطلوب و دیگر شاخص‌ها پایین‌تر از حد مطلوب عددی آزمون(میانگین 3) ارزیابی شد. شاخص مشارکت دارای بالاترین میانگین (4/3) و شاخص‌های شفافیت و مسئولیت‌پذیری دارای پایین‌ترین میانگین (45/2) است. به طور کلی، نواحی روستایی شهرستان زیرکوه از حیث شاخص‌های حکمروایی خوب در وضعیت نامطلوبی قرار دارند؛ با این حال از منظر جامعه‌ی محلی شاخص‌های مشارکت، قانون‌محوری، پاسخ‌گویی در حد نسبتاً مطلوب و سایر شاخص‌ها (مسئولیت‌پذیری، اجماع‌محوری، شفافیت، کارایی و اثربخشی، عدالت‌محوری) پایین‌تر از حد مطلوب عددی آزمون ارزیابی شد.

http://www.farhangekhorasan.ir/article_226312_659aaa82d8752f1581c9bcbb1e59c7ed.pdf