اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 18 1 2023 11 22 The Influence of Organizational Virtue on Quantum Management and Employee Job Engagement: A Case Study in South Khorasan’s Educational Sector نقش فضیلت سازمانی، در رابطه مدیریت کوانتومی و درگیری شغلی کارکنان (مورد مطالعه: آموزش و پرورش استان خراسان جنوبی) 9 42 178565 10.22034/fakh.2023.378945.1591 FA حسین خسروی کارشناسی‌ارشد مدیریت آموزشی، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0009-0005-3215-5159 هادی پورشافعی دانشیار مدیریت آموزشی، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند،ایران 0000-0003-2435-0294 علی عسگری دانشیار مدیریت آموزشی، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران Journal Article 2023 02 14 Introduction Throughout history, people have sought ways to enhance their lives and find joy through various mechanisms. This pursuit has increasingly highlighted the importance of work participation, drawing the attention of numerous scientists. Consequently, the concept of work engagement has gained prominence in organizational behavior research (Shoul & Sedaghat, 2016). Work engagement is defined as the extent to which individuals are psychologically connected to their current job (Mudrack, 2004). Those who are highly involved in their jobs seldom contemplate leaving and are likely to remain with their organization for the long term (Brown, 1996). Studies indicate a global decline in employee engagement, with less than 30% of employees being actively engaged, which is considered low. This disengagement results in substantial financial losses for countries’ economies each year. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on comprehensive and diverse developments and their impact on organizational competitiveness, as well as the role of employees in job involvement and the promotion of organizational virtues to achieve objectives. This is particularly significant given the emergence of new management styles, such as quantum management. In today’s world, the need for employee occupational involvement in organizations has never been greater, and management practices within organizations have garnered increased attention from management scholars and practitioners (Hashmi & Pouraminzad, 2019). Management scholars assert that 21st-century managers must adopt innovative management strategies to foster employee engagement, thereby reducing thoughts of resignation and potentially boosting productivity and efficiency (Mezginezhad, Ayati & Pourshafei, 2017). Quantum management is one such strategy (Mirsafian, 2015). In modern organizations, ethical considerations, particularly organizational virtue, have gained prominence due to various advancements. While organizations rapidly evolve in competitive terms, virtues and virtue-centric topics have received scant attention. Bird and Water (1989) observed that organizational discourse often lacks a moral dimension (Moshabakiesfahani & Rezaie, 2013). Hence, employing organizational virtue can elucidate ethics within organizations. Virtues-encompassing habits, desires, and actions—are conducive to individual and societal well-being. They are endorsed and cultivated at both personal and communal levels, ensuring their propagation and sustainability (Zemaheni et al., 2013). The findings of this research could serve as a roadmap for educational organization managers to enhance employee job involvement through contemporary management practices. This paper answers this question: What impact does organizational virtue have on quantum management and occupational conflict in South Khorasan province? Methods This study employs a descriptive, correlational design and is both applied and quantitative in nature. The research population comprises all education and training employees in South Khorasan province, totaling 750 individuals in 2019, as per the official education report. Stratified random sampling was utilized for data collection. South Khorasan Province was segmented into several strata, including the General Administration of South Khorasan Province, Birjand, Boshruyeh, Zirkouh, Darmian, Khoosf, Mehdim, Sarayan, Sarbisheh, Tabas, Ferdows, Qaen and Nehbandan. From each department, a proportional number of employees were selected: 50, 33, 33, 11, 14, 12, 13, 12, 15, 15, 24, and 18, totaling 250 participants. This sample size was determined based on Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size, given the target population of 750. The distribution of administrative employees across the departments in South Khorasan province is detailed in Table 1. Table 1. The number of education administrative staff per city Sample Number of Employees City 50 157 General Administration 33 100 Boshruyeh 33 100 Birjand 11 31 Khoosf 14 42 Darmian 12 37 Zirkouh 13 39 Sarayan 12 36 Sarbisheh 15 45 Tabas 15 45 Ferdows 24 70 Qaen 18 54 Nehbandan 250 750 Total The instruments used for data collection were standardized questionnaires on quantum management, job involvement, and organizational virtue. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires were confirmed through the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and AMOS statistical software. The analytical methods employed included single-sample t-tests, Pearson correlation, simultaneous multiple regression, and structural equation modeling. Findings and Conclusion The study’s findings reveal that the overall average scores for quantum management and organizational virtue, along with their respective components among educational staff, are significantly above the theoretical mean score of 3. However, the average score for job involvement among educational workers is notably below the theoretical mean (p < 0.001). Additionally, the elements of quantum thinking and trust negatively impact job involvement, whereas quantum feeling positively influences it. While quantum management does not exert a direct significant effect on job involvement, it does have a substantial indirect impact through the intermediary of organizational virtue, contributing to job involvement. Furthermore, the model demonstrated adequate fit. با توجه به تحولات گسترده و چندجانبه و نقش آن در عرصه رقابتهای سازمانی، نقش کارکنان از نظر درگیری شغلی و ارتقای فضیلت سازمانی برای پیشبرد اهداف ضرورت دارد که این مهم با سبکهای جدید مدیریتی ازجمله مدیریت کوانتومی دست‌یافتنی است. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی نقش واسطه‌ای فضیلت سازمانی در رابطه مدیریت کوانتومی و درگیری شغلی کارکنان آموزش و پرورش است. در این مطالعه توصیفی از نوع همبستگی، 250 نفر از کارکنان آموزش و پرورش ادارات شهرستان‌های استان خراسان جنوبی در سال 1399ش بهروش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای نسبی انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه‌های استاندارد مدیریت کوانتومی، درگیری شغلی و فضیلت سازمانی بود که روایی تأیید و پایایی آن‌ها با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. دادهها با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای آماریSPSS و AMOS و آزمون‌های t تک نمونه‌ای، همبستگی پیرسون، رگرسیون چندگانه هم‌زمان و مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین نمره مدیریت کوانتومی و فضیلت سازمانی در کل و مؤلفه‌های آن در کارکنان آموزش و پرورش بهطور معناداری بیشتر از میانگین نمره نظری (3) است؛ ولی میانگین نمره درگیری شغلی در کارکنان آموزش و پرورش بهطور معناداری کمتر از میانگین نمره نظری (3) است (001/0p<). همچنین مؤلفههای تفکر و اعتماد کوانتومی نقش منفی و معنادار و مؤلفه احساس کوانتومی نقش مثبت و معناداری بر درگیری شغلی دارد. مدیریت کوانتومی بهطور مستقیم بر درگیری شغلی نقش معناداری ندارد؛ ولی مدیریت کوانتومی بهطور غیرمستقیم و از طریق متغیر میانجی فضیلت سازمانی بر درگیری شغلی نقش معناداری داشت و مدل، از برازش لازم برخوردار بود. با توجه به یافته‌ها به مدیران سازمان‌ها به‌ویژه سازمان‌های آموزشی توصیه می‌شود تلاش‌های خود را جهت کاربرد مدیریت کوانتومی در سازمانشان به کار گیرند تا از این طریق، درگیری شغلی و فضیلت سازمانی کارکنان بالا رود.

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اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 18 1 2023 11 22 An Exploration and Elucidation of Islamic Pottery in Buzhgan City during the Early and Middle Islamic Periods بررسی و تبیین هنر سفالگری شهر اسلامی بوژگان در سده‌های نخست و میانی دوران اسلامی 43 80 197652 10.22034/fakh.2024.452651.1660 FA مهدیه رحمتی دانشجوی دکتری گروه باستان‌شناسی دانشگاه مازندران 0009-0007-9514-8364 عابد تقوی استادیار گروه باستان‌شناسی دانشگاه مازندران حسن هاشمی زرج آباد دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی دانشگاه مازندران 0000-0002-7115-2859 حسن باصفا دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی دانشگاه نیشابور 0000-0001-5390-6197 Journal Article 2024 04 21 Introduction The eastern region of Iran, specifically Khorasan, played a pivotal role in the cultural, economic, and political developments of the Islamic era, particularly during the first to middle centuries. The region's rich cultural heritage, including its pottery, can be studied through the analysis of remaining data. The Jam Plain, supported by written sources and archaeological findings, has been a significant contributor to the region's historical developments. Specifically, the city of Buzhgan (also known as Buzhgan) has been identified as an important urban center situated on the ancient trade route connecting Neyshabur to Herat. The examination of pottery findings is crucial in archaeology, as it enables the reconstruction of chronology and the determination of historical periods. In this context, the typological analysis of pottery from the first and middle Islamic centuries is essential for understanding the formation and development of Buzhgan. This study aims to address fundamental research questions, including the identification of typology and production methods, chronology, and the significance of Buzhgan in the broader historical context. Employing a mixed-methods approach combining field and library research, this study utilizes a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology. Preliminary findings from the analysis of pottery pieces have provided valuable insights into the pottery cultures, cultural periods, and evolutionary dynamics of the Jam basin. The diverse species and production technologies evident in Buzhgan’s pottery art can be interpreted within the framework of the region's pottery tradition. Research Methods The data utilized in this study was collected through a systematic and painstaking archaeological approach, incorporating both fieldwork and documentary research. The research design consisted of two stages: first, fieldwork was conducted in Buzhgan, followed by a comparative analysis of the samples to establish a relative chronology. This involved comparing the findings with prominent ceramic centers in eastern Iran. Additionally, key historical and geographical sources were consulted to provide a comprehensive understanding of urban developments. Findings The ceramic samples collected from the systematic excavation of Buzhgan were categorized based on variables such as type of piece, manufacturing technique, quality of construction, firing temperature, decoration type, clay body color, glaze color, and type of mixture. Furthermore, the Buzhgan ceramics can be broadly classified into six groups: rim, body, base, foot, handle, and lid, with the body accounting for the largest proportion. Following this, the base, rim, handle, and lid account for the remaining proportions. In terms of manufacturing techniques, considering Buzhgan's Islamic period, most pieces were wheel-thrown, with hand-building and coiling methods also being employed. The ceramics were produced in advanced kilns, and the clay bodies were well-fired, suggesting that Buzhgan was an important production center during the Islamic period, particularly during the Seljuk and Khwarazmian periods. Regarding the typology of the Buzhgan ceramics, the primary variables were glaze type, design motif, and decoration style. Based on these variables, the ceramics can be broadly categorized into two main groups: unglazed and glazed wares. Unglazed ceramics typically served daily functions and were often found in residential areas and daily life spaces. The unglazed ceramics can be further divided into two categories: plain unglazed and decorated unglazed wares. The plain unglazed ceramics include simple, undecorated ceramics, while the decorated unglazed ceramics feature engraved, stamped, or molded designs. The glazed ceramics, on the other hand, can be classified into two categories: simple glazed and ornate glazed wares. The ornate glazed ceramics feature intricate designs, including underglaze painting, overglaze painting, and luster techniques. Notably, the glazed ceramics with geometric and floral patterns, which are characteristic of Islamic ceramic art, were also found in Buzhgan. The presence of these ceramics suggests that Buzhgan was an important center for ceramic production during the Islamic period. Conclusion The Jam region, due to having suitable infrastructures for development, has been a suitable place for human gatherings since ancient times. The city of Buzhgan is considered one of the key cities of the Islamic period in the region, but unfortunately its remains have been severely affected by post-settlement processes. However, systematic archaeological studies of the Buzhgan area have yielded valuable information about its urban life. Various types of pottery have been obtained in this city, and comparative iconography shows that urban life existed in the early and middle Islamic centuries. Based on studies of pottery collections from the early to seventh centuries, main types of pottery such as plain pottery (without glaze or decoration), plain decorated pottery (without glazed decoration), plain incised pottery, and molded decorated pottery can be distinguished. These types, except for molded pottery which was popular in the Seljuk period, have been used in most Islamic periods. Floral and incised motifs under plain glaze spread in the first to fifth centuries and single-colored glazed examples, such as turquoise, black ink, golden enamel, and blue and white in the middle centuries, are datable. Additionally, Buzhgan was developed in the early Islamic centuries alongside the city of Nishapur, and flourished in its cultural zone and played an important role in communication with Herat. Other pottery types indicate its flourishing in the middle centuries. The overall evidence from archaeology, along with historical sources, shows that Buzgan has been a stable city and has had an influence on the historical developments of Islamic cities in eastern Iran alongside important cities like Neyshabur and Herat. بوژگان از مهم‌ترین شهرهای خراسان بزرگ است و براساس منابع مکتوب تاریخی در پهنه فرهنگی نیشابور و ولایت جام نقش مهمی داشته است. این شهر در سده‌های نخست اسلامی به دلیل قرارگیری در مسیر راه ارتباطی دو شهر مهم نیشابور و هرات اهمیت می‌یابد. در متون مهم تاریخی و جغرافیایی از شهری به نام بوزجان نام برده می‌شود که نگاه تطبیقی به منابع مکتوب و قراین باستان‌شناختی نشان می‌دهد که محوطه بوژگان در دشت تربت جام همان شهر تاریخی مذکور است. مهم‌ترین اهداف پژوهش حاضر، ارائه گاه‌نگاری تطبیقی و گونهشناسی سفالهای محوطه بوژگان از قرن اول تا هفتم هجری است. براین‌اساس، می‌توان انواع گونههای سفالی را شناسایی و تاریخگذاری نسبی نیز ارائه داد. مهم‌ترین پرسشها عبارت‌اند از: یافتههای سفالی محوطه بوژگان در زمره کدام گونههای سفالی هستند و به لحاظ گاه‌نگاری به چه دوره یا دورههایی تعلق دارند. براساس مقایسه یافتههای سفالی می‌توان به فرآیند شکل‌گیری، توسعه و اضمحلال بوژگان نیز پی برد. روش پژوهش ترکیبی از مطالعات میدانی و مطالعات اسنادی است و دارای رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی و تطبیقی است. در این نگاه ابتدا یافتههای سفالی برای تاریخگذاری و گونهشناسی از نظر متغیرهای فیزیکی طبقهبندی شده و سپس با نمونههای مشابه به‌دست‌آمده از سایر کاوشها و بررسیهای باستان‌شناسی در دیگر مناطق با تأکید بر حوزه شرقی ایران تطبیق داده شده است. نتایج تاریخگذاری نسبی نشان میدهد که دوران شکل‌گیری بوژگان در سده‌های اولیه بوده که در سده‌های میانی به اوج شکوفایی خود رسیده است. یافته‌های سفالی آن نیز شامل گونههای متنوع بیلعاب و لعاب‌دار است که شباهت بسیار زیادی با یافته‌های دیگر محوطههای مطالعه شده شرق ایران به‌ویژه نیشابور دارد. علاوه‌بر آن ظهور انواع سبک‌های تزئینی می‌تواند نشان‌دهنده توسعه اقتصادی جامعه و ثروت باشد که در سده‌های میانی هم‌زمان با اوج حیات شهری بوژگان، رخ داده است.

http://www.farhangekhorasan.ir/article_197652_b974baee14d0eb618bf6c5fe0a1d19ef.pdf

اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 18 1 2023 11 22 A Stuyd on Needs of Junior High School Students in Mashhad نیازهای دانش‌آموزان دوره اول متوسطه(مورد مطالعه: شهر مشهد) 81 120 196846 10.22034/fakh.2024.422257.1640 FA نیره شاه محمدی دانشیار و عضو هیئت علمی سازمان پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی آموزشی، وزارت آموزش و پرورش، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-7087-2662 فاطمه پرسته قمبوانی استادیار گروه علوم تربیتی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی کرج، کرج،تهران، ایران Journal Article 2023 10 25 Introduction Recognizing and addressing students’ needs is a crucial step in designing effective educational programs (Levi, 2010, p. 88). To engage students and meet their requirements, curricula should be adaptable and evolve to align with their interests (Smith, 2009, p. 9). However, Iran's current centralized curriculum system is not adequately preparing students for real-life challenges (Ramzaninejad, Hemtinejad, & Benar, 2003, p. 107), as numerous studies have shown (Javanmard & Pour Garhami, 2014, p. 31; Aminon et al., 2015, p. 1021; Bagheri & Rahimian, 2016, p. 259; Al-Ahmadi & Sharfi Abqa, 2015, p. 111). High school students believe the current program does not meet their needs (Haj Hosseini, Shabeiri, & Farajollahi, 2015, p. 2315; Sarmadi, Ghanbari, & Talebian Sharif, 2018, p. 564), indicating a disconnect between the curriculum and students' and society's needs (Perrota & Keese, 2024, p. 2). Despite this, educational documents emphasize the importance of students being active, influential, and creative individuals who take ownership of their learning (National Curriculum Document, paragraphs 12, 4-3, and 12-8; Education Reform Document, paragraph 1-16). To enhance the education system's effectiveness, it is essential to create content that resonates with students' genuine needs, promote educational equity, and ensure equal access to resources (National Curriculum Document, 2011, p. 1; Education Reform Document, 2011, p. 1). This approach fosters lifelong learning, collaborative education, and a more inclusive environment. By designing flexible frameworks that transcend traditional boundaries, education can overcome time and place constraints, enabling conscious, voluntary, and engaging lifelong learning. Given the significance of understanding students' needs, this study aims to identify these needs and determine what students should be learning. Specifically, this research will evaluate the needs of junior high school students in Mashhad. Research Method This study employs a survey methodology, utilizing a semi-structured questionnaire to gather data. The statistical population consisted of 79,000 junior high school students in Mashhad. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran formula to be 384 students. To select the sample group, four districts of Mashhad were chosen (east District 5, north District 6, west District 4, and south District 3), and then two boys' schools and two girls' schools were selected from each district. Students were randomly selected from these schools to participate in the sample group. A researcher-made questionnaire was designed to determine the basic needs of the junior high school students. The questionnaire consisted of general, demographic, and main questions based on theoretical foundations and research objectives. To establish the reliability of the instrument, 30 junior high school students were initially selected and asked to respond to the questionnaire twice, with a one-month interval. The reliability was then calculated using the correlation between the questions, which was 0.7, indicating suitable reliability. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, one-sample chi-square test, and Friedman test were employed. Findings The research findings identified the top ten needs of junior high school students as follows: Introduction to cinema and music (293 responses) Methods for recognizing and analyzing political and social issues (266) Introduction to academic fields and entrance examinations (242) Introduction to famous stories and novels (234) Curricular and extracurricular materials (216) Teaching strategies for dealing with social issues (207) Teaching the art of storytelling (191) Developing problem-solving skills (188) Introducing methods for happiness and vitality (178) Introducing applied sciences, technical, and professional skills (176) In contrast, the least important needs, as perceived by students, were: Education on citizenship rights and duties (77 responses) Moral education (74) Addressing religious questions and doubts (72) Group education and decision-making (70) When categorized, the average ratings of high school students’ needs showed that Scientific and educational materials ranked highest with an average of 5.03, while political materials ranked ninth with an average of 1.459. The remaining needs, in order of importance, were: Religious and moral content with an average of 4.10 Spiritual and psychological needs with an average of 2.76 Social and cultural needs with an average of 2.35 Economic, job, and professional skills with an average of 1.92 Recreation and entertainment with an average of 1.97 Wellness, health, and safety with an average of 1.90 Artistic and literary materials with an average of 1.18 The results of the Friedman test indicate a chi-square value of 538.247, significant at a level of less than 0.05 (p < 0.05), demonstrating differences in the importance students attribute to various types of needs (0.001 > p, 5 degrees of freedom, 538.247 = chi-square value). Discussion and Conclusion The findings indicate that students prioritize scientific and educational needs, followed closely by religious and moral content. The three categories of spiritual and psychological skills, as well as social, cultural, economic, and professional needs, are also important to students. However, entertainment, literary and artistic, health, safety, and political needs are less of a concern for students. The research findings of this study are in line with the research results of Diba Vajari, Hosseinian, and Qaedi (2011), Hamidi (2005), Akbari and Sharifi (2008), and Salimi (2003). The results can be explained by considering the significant impact of media, cultural-social changes, virtual interactions, and the evolving needs, attitudes, lifestyle, and cultural consumption of students. The fluidity and change that occur every three years in the lives of junior high school students necessitate continuous audience analysis for this age group. To cater to the diverse and varied needs of these students, it is essential to address the increasing trend of social harms that affect them at a younger age and extend into adolescence. The sensitivity and importance of the adolescent period, identity issues, independence-seeking, and conflicting attractions and interests during this period make education on topics related to mental and psychological counseling, strengthening resilience and life skills, marriage, and family formation crucial. Curriculum planners and educational content producers should seriously consider these essential needs. Furthermore, given the highly politicized society and the surge of political news and events, students are naturally drawn to these subjects. Developing a suitable program for political education, scientific understanding of issues, and systematic analysis of political matters is a necessity. شناخت‌ نیازهای دانش‌آموزان از گام‌های مهم و پیش‌نیاز تنظیم برنامه‌های آموزشی و تربیتی و تدوین محتوای فعالیت‌های درسی است. ازاین‌رو ضروری است این برنامه‌ها با نیازهای واقعی دانش‌آموزان متناسب و متحول گردد زیرا دانش‌آموزان از کلاسی لذت می‌برند که نیازهای آنان را برآورده سازد و به علایقشان توجه کند. علیرغم شناسایی نیازهای دانش‌آموزان در نظام متمرکز برنامه‌ریزی آموزشی ایران، شواهد و مطالعات انجام‌شده نشان می‌دهد که آماده‌سازی دانش‌آموزان برای زندگی و رویارویی با مشکلات روزمره در نظام تعلیموتربیت به میزان کافی موردتوجه قرار نگرفته است و دانش‌آموزان دوره متوسطه وضعیت موجود برنامه آموزشی را پاسخگوی نیازهای خود نمی‌دانند. ازاین‌رو بی‌توجهی به این موضوع در نظام برنامه‌ریزی آموزشی منجر به بی‌علاقگی دانش‌آموزان نسبت به درس و تحصیل می‌شود. با عنایت به این مهم، تعیین نیازهای دانش‌آموزان دوره‌ اول متوسطه شهر مشهد موضوع این پژوهش قرار گرفته است. مطالعه حاضر از منظر هدف کاربردی و از جنبه شیوة گردآوری پیمایش اجتماعی با بهره‌گیری از پرسشنامه نیمهساختاریافته است. جامعه آماری تمامی دانش‌آموزان دوره اول متوسطه شهر مشهد به تعداد 79000 نفر بودند که از این تعداد نمونه‌ای به تعداد 384 نفر به پرسش‌نامه محقق‌ساخته پاسخ دادند. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌های پژوهش از آمار توصیفی، آزمون خی دو تک نمونه‌ای و آزمون فریدمن استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که دانش‌آموزان دوره اول متوسطه از بین دسته‌بندی کلان نیازها به دودسته نیازهای علمی و آموزشی و دینی و اخلاقی بیشتر احساس نیاز می‌کنند. سه دسته نیاز به مهارت‌های روحی و روانی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی، اقتصادی، شغلی و حرفه‌ای با فاصله زیاد در مراتب بعدی سلسله نیازهای دانش‌آموزان قرار گرفته‌اند. این در حالی است که به چهار گروه تفریح و سرگرمی، ادبی و هنری، تندرستی، سلامت و ایمنی و سیاسی دانش‌آموزان کمتر احساس نیاز کرده‌اند.

http://www.farhangekhorasan.ir/article_196846_bee7c8eee3c93b779d241059dd5e0b95.pdf

اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 18 1 2023 11 22 Exploring the Association Between Organizational Pessimism and Job Burnout in South Khorasan Airports: A Case Study of the Moderating Role of Working Life Quality بررسی تأثیر بدبینی سازمانی بر فرسودگی شغلی، شناسایی نقش تعدیل‌گر کیفیت زندگی کاری (مورد مطالعه: فرودگاه‌های استان خراسان جنوبی) 121 166 182033 10.22034/fakh.2023.404544.1617 FA احمد عربشاهی کریزی استادیار گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران ملیحه‌السادات هاشمی مقدم دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مشهد، مشهد، ایران. Journal Article 2023 07 21 Introduction Organizations strive for success, and achieving their goals requires attention to key factors like work-life quality, organizational cynicism, and job burnout. Work-life quality encompasses elements such as effective supervision, positive working conditions, competitive compensation and benefits, and a stimulating, collaborative, and motivating work environment (Asadi & Shakori, 2021, p. 22). It essentially reflects employees' perceptions of the desirability of their work environment, both physically and psychologically (Mahdizadeh Ashrafi & Ilka, 2010, p. 3). Organizational cynicism is a form of negativity, characterized by a lack of trust in the organization's integrity (Moradi & Farrokhi, 2022, p. 2). This cynicism creates a psychological distance between employees and their employer, negatively impacting both organizational efficiency and employee satisfaction (Ghorbani & Amerimanesh, 2018, p. 114). Job burnout signifies a loss of interest and motivation in one’s work, leading to decreased performance (Barari & Jamshidi, 2016, p. 179). Key symptoms of burnout include feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and a negative self-image, as well as a negative view of others (Attari & Fathizadeh, 2014, p. 1). This research aims to investigate the following questions: Does organizational cynicism significantly impact job burnout? Does work-life quality moderate the relationship between organizational cynicism and job burnout? Methods This research is applied in nature, with a descriptive-survey methodology. The study focuses on the airports of South Khorasan province, surveying a total of 74 individuals. Data collection tools included three standard questionnaires: the Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire by Dean, Brandes and Dharwadkar (1998), the Job Burnout Questionnaire by Maslach (1981), and the Work Life Quality Questionnaire by Walton (1973). The content validity of the questionnaire was ensured by consulting with professors. Construct validity, convergent validity, and divergent validity were all confirmed. The reliability of the questionnaires was verified using Cronbach’s alpha. The obtained Cronbach’s alpha values for the Job Burnout, Organizational Pessimism, and Quality of Work Life questionnaires were 0.812, 0.706, and 0.906 respectively, indicating that the research questionnaire has acceptable reliability. For data and information analysis, various tools of descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. Structural equations and Smart PLS software were used to verify and test the hypotheses. Results The main and sub-hypotheses of the research were evaluated using structural equations. The main hypotheses indicate that organizational pessimism has an impact on job burnout, as the t-value for this effect is 4.419, which is greater than 1.96. Furthermore, the quality of work life plays a moderating role in the influence of organizational pessimism on job burnout, as the t-value for this effect is 2.207, also greater than 1.96. Upon examining the sub-hypotheses, it was found that the first three are confirmed, as their t-values are greater than 1.96 and the path coefficient values are positive. However, the seventh and eighth sub-hypotheses are rejected, as their t-values are less than 1.96. The fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh sub-hypotheses are confirmed, as their t-values are greater than 1.96 and the path coefficient values are positive. Therefore, these hypotheses are confirmed; more precisely, organizational formalization and social dependency in work life do not moderate the impact of organizational cynicism on job burnout. Fair and adequate compensation, a safe and healthy work environment, opportunities for growth and continuous security, overall life space, human capability development, and social integration and cohesion moderate and influence the impact of organizational cynicism on job burnout. Conclusion In this study, we sought to determine the impact of organizational pessimism on job burnout and to ascertain if the quality of work life has a moderating effect on this relationship. The findings indicate that organizational pessimism significantly contributes to job burnout, while the quality of work life plays a moderating role, influencing the extent of this effect. Based on the outcomes of the research hypotheses, the following recommendations are proposed: A positive, cooperative, supportive, and amiable environment should be fostered to bolster the quality of work life. Managers should exercise caution and deliberation in decision-making. The employee evaluation process must be conducted with precision and scientific rigor. Enhance information flow and decision-making transparency to dispel negative perceptions about the organization. Any form of discrimination should be addressed by revising organizational policies and regulations. Supervisors should engage with employees in a manner that is respectful, equitable, and fair, thereby reducing organizational pessimism. It is imperative for managers to thoroughly investigate the root causes and factors contributing to organizational pessimism and devise strategies to mitigate them. By adopting these measures, we anticipate a decrease in pessimism, an improvement in the quality of work life, and a reduction in job burnout, ultimately leading to enhanced job satisfaction and organizational performance. سازمان‌ها اهداف متفاوتی، چون بقا و سودآوری را دنبال می‌کنند و نیروی انسانی، مهم‌ترین عامل برای دستیابی به اهداف سازمانی، محسوب می‌شود. سازمان‌ها اگر می‌خواهند اهدافشان به نحو مؤثری تحقق یابد، باید توجه ویژه‌ای به نیروی انسانی سازمان داشته باشند و متغیرهای مهمی چون ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﻲ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ، بدبینی سازمانی و کیفیت زندگی کاری را مورد توجه قرار دهند. هدف این پژوهش بررسی نقش تعدیل‌گری کیفیت زندگی کاری در تأثیر بدبینی سازمانی بر فرسودگی شغلی است. روش پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت و روش، توصیفی- پیمایشی می‌باشد. جامعه آماری به صورت تمام‌شماری نمونه بررسی شده است. ابزارهای گردآوری اطلاعات، پرسش‌نامه‌‌های استاندارد استفاده شده است. روایی محتوایی با نظرخواهی از اساتید مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. همچنین روایی سازه، بررسی و تأیید شد. مقدار آلفای کرونباخ به‌ترتیب برای متغیرهای فرسودگی شغلی، بدبینی سازمانی و کیفیت زندگی کاری مقادیر 812/0، 706/0 و 906/0 بوده و نشان از پایایی پرسش‌نامه‌ها دارد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها و آزمون فرضیه‌ها از نرم‌افزارهایSPSS و Smart PLS استفاده شد. یافته‎ها نشان می‎دهد که مقدار قدر مطلق آماره t برای تأثیر بدبینی سازمانی بر فرسودگی شغلی برابر با 419/4 و مقدار ضریب مسیر برابر با 527/0 است؛ بنابراین با اطمینان 95% می‌توان گفت، بدبینی سازمانی بر فرسودگی شغلی تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد. مقدار قدر مطلق آماره t برای نقش تعدیل‌گری کیفیت زندگی کاری در تأثیر بدبینی سازمانی بر فرسودگی شغلی، 207/2 است؛ بنابراین با اطمینان 95% می‌توان گفت، کیفیت زندگی کاری، تأثیر بدبینی سازمانی بر فرسودگی شغلی را تعدیل می‌کند. می‌توان نتیجه‌گیری کرد که با کاهش بدبینی سازمانی و بهبود کیفیت زندگی کاری، ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﻲ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ در سازمان کاهش می‌یابد.

http://www.farhangekhorasan.ir/article_182033_52bc83b77fa64afefc5eca4e662bff9c.pdf

اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 18 1 2023 11 22 Designing a Strategic Pattern for Developing a Marketing Plan for the Sales of Handicraft Products in South Khorasan Province طراحی الگوی راهبردی توسعه بازار فروش تولیدات مزیت‌دار صنایع‌دستی استان خراسان جنوبی 167 204 197819 10.22034/fakh.2024.457114.1666 FA مهدی محمودزاده واشان استادیار گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران. علی فرخنده استاد مدعو گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران 0009-0003-0693-4410 Journal Article 2024 05 12 Introduction Today, overcoming the problem of unemployment and creating productive employment is one of the main concerns of policymakers in economic and social development programs. One of the ways to overcome this challenge can be found in the development of the handicraft market. In many countries, handicrafts are considered part of cultural tourism, alongside ancient monuments and cultural heritage sites (Barnard, 2021, p. 147). In fact, handicrafts are one of the most important types of home-based businesses, accounting for 2.9% of the gross domestic product (Vahidi & Naseri, 2015, p. 106). In this regard, in South Khorasan province, there are currently 12,000 handicraft artisans active in various fields, and they are registered. Despite the vast entrepreneurial capacity in South Khorasan, it has not been utilized effectively so far. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the status of the handicraft market in the province and develop strategies for marketing these products. This article seeks to answer the following question: What are the strategies for developing the handicraft market and selling competitive handicraft products in the province? As to background of this research, it is worth noting that several researchers have investigated the obstacles to market development at the provincial level. For example, Yaghoobi, Sardarshahraki, and Karbasi (2022) studied “Analyzing the obstacles to market development of rural handicraft cooperatives in Sistan and Baluchestan province”. Another example is the article “Identifying and examining the obstacles to internal market development of handicrafts in Ilam province” by Omidi, Omidi, and Mohammadi (2015). Moreover, a study entitled “Addressing the challenges of handicrafts in Mazandaran province: Identifying obstacles and proposing solutions” was conducted by Sorayaie and Atfi (2014). Research Methodology The present study is qualitative in nature and employs a thematic analysis and SWOT analysis approach. The required data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of this study consists of 47 managers, experts, and artists in the field of handicrafts with competitive advantages in South Khorasan province. The researchers transcribed the recorded interviews and analyzed them. Based on a three-stage coding process (open, axial, and selective coding), the data were continuously reviewed and refined, and similar data were grouped around a category. Initial concepts, considering their similarity with other concepts, were organized into broader concepts and further developed into components. Subsequently, these components were combined based on continuous comparative logic, according to conceptual similarity, at a more abstract level, forming categories. To present a strategy and sales approach, the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrix was used to examine internal factors. The External Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrix was also employed to organize external factors in the form of opportunities and threats, and to analyze how to respond to opportunities and external threats in marketing activities. Finally, each of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats was prioritized based on weighted scores, and the SWOT matrix was constructed. Findings Initially, the data were organized systematically and meaningfully. At this stage, 147 concepts were identified based on the semantic expressions extracted from the interviews. In the next step, the identified concepts were re-screened and categorized into 60 integrated codes based on semantic and conceptual similarity. In the third stage, the integrated codes identified in the previous stage were categorized into four categories: weaknesses, strengths, threats, and opportunities. Then, the internal and external factor evaluation matrices were constructed. In completing the external factor evaluation table, a significance coefficient between 0 and 1 was assigned to each factor based on its importance and sensitivity, and the factors were compared with each other. As a result of this analysis, opportunities and threats to the development of the market for competitive handicrafts in South Khorasan province were identified. Similarly, the internal factor evaluation table was completed, and the strengths and weaknesses of the development of the market for competitive handicrafts in South Khorasan province were identified. The total score obtained from the multiplication of the significance coefficient in the external factor evaluation matrix is 2.34, indicating that we were unable to capitalize on opportunities and mitigate threats effectively. Also, the final score of the internal factor evaluation matrix is 2.60, indicating that in the competitive handicraft industry, limitations outweigh strengths. Discussion and Conclusion Based on the research findings, the following components were identified as the most important opportunities for the development of competitive handicrafts in South Khorasan: Increased connectivity between young people and handicrafts Creation of sustainable income for families during drought conditions Employment and activity of most households in handicraft production Positive mental image of the quality of handicraft products and raw materials Potential talents of the people of the province in art and handicrafts The following components were identified as the most important threats to the development of competitive handicrafts in South Khorasan province: Lack of trade exhibitions in the past two years Political perspective on art in budget allocation Creating restrictions on social networks Neglecting to produce documentaries Low status of art among people and officials Decreased interest of people in buying handicrafts Entry of factory-made products into the market Incorrect positioning of art in Iran Inability of officials to attract foreign tourists Low investment in infrastructure and conversion industries Decreased profit for artists and increased prices due to multiple middlemen Lack of creation of academic fields suitable for competitive industries Exploitation by profiteers and weak supervision by officials and lack of knowledge among people Unwillingness of local sellers to sell local handicraft products Disinterest in skill-building in some industries Lack of cooperation and integration of services between supportive organizations and entrepreneurs Unwillingness of banks to provide facilities and issue permits to unqualified individuals The following components were identified as the most important strengths and capacities of competitive handicrafts in South Khorasan province: Revival of handicrafts with new decorative and consumable applications Active presence on social networks Continuous presence in trade exhibitions Use of technology in the production process Formation of cooperatives Receiving quality and cleanliness certificates Ability and capacity for increasing production volume Flexibility in working hours with workshop production Innate talent in art and handicrafts The following components were identified as the most important weaknesses of competitive handicrafts in South Khorasan province: Pricing without considering perceived value Artists being content with minimums Production of products without brand names Reducing the value of art Lack of permanent marketplaces No sales offices in cities Lack of attention to cultural differences in production Lack of prosperity in sales markets Lack of attention to artist training Low effectiveness of advertising tabloids and websites Lack of interest in accepting apprentices due to specific beliefs of some artists Lack of review of licenses issued for handicraft fields Innovation without considering market demand Lack of specialized labor Inability of artists to pay installments due to lack of stable sales Experimental work of artists Inadequate facilities and staff at the Heritage Administration Inability of artists to prepare promotional packages Orientation and bureaucratic challenges in the Handicrafts Organization Lack of management of raw materials supply Lack of use of competitor databases in introducing handicraft products of the province. صنایـع‌دستی فرهنگ و میراث غنی یک کشور را نشان می‌دهد و از منظر اقتصادی، با سرمایه‌گذاری‌ کم، ارزش افزوده بالایی در اقتصاد ایجاد میکند. این صنعت به علت داشتن مزایایی نظیر کار‌طلب‌بودن آن، سادگی تکنیک و عدم احتیاج به آموزش فنی و سریع و تأثیر فوقالعاده آن در افزایش سطح اشتغال بیش از هر فعالیت اقتصادی دیگر زمینه برای توسعه و پیشرفت دارد؛ به‌ویژه در مناطق روستایی و عشایری صنایـع‌دستی میتواند به‌عنوان دومین منبع درآمد و در پارهای از مناطق کشور حتی به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین عامل کار و درآمد به حساب آید. براین‌اساس هدف پژوهش حاضر شناسایی استراتژی‌های توسعة بازار فروش تولیدات مزیت‌دار صنایـع‌دستی استان خراسان جنوبی است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش از نظر هدف بنیادی-کاربردی و استراتژی پژوهش تحلیل تم میباشد. جامعه آماری شامل مدیران، کارشناسان و هنرمندان فعال در حوزه صنایـع‌دستی مزیت‌دار استان خراسان جنوبی بوده است که بدین منظور 47 نفر (شامل 7 کارشناس و مدیر و 40 هنرمند) با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب و دادهها با استفاده از روش مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختار‌یافته گردآوری شد. برای تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل داده‌ها از تحلیل تم و ماتریس‌هایEFE وIFE استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان‌دهنده 5 فرصت، 19 تهدید، 9 ظرفیت (قوت) و 30 محدودیت (ضعف) بود. بر طبق نظر خبرگان در ماتریس عوامل خارجی، ارتباط‌پذیری بیشتر نسل جوان با صنایـع‌دستی، مهم‌ترین فرصت و عدم برگزاری نمایشگاههای بازرگانی در دو سال اخیر، مهم‌ترین تهدید شناسایی شد. در ماتریس عوامل داخلی نیز مهم‌ترین ظرفیت (قوت)، جایگاه‌یابی و احیای صنایـع‌دستی با کاربردهای تزئینی و مصرفی جدید و مهم‌ترین محدودیت (ضعف)، قیمت‌گذاری بدون توجه به ارزش متصور شده است.

http://www.farhangekhorasan.ir/article_197819_5ab0fa987c0b02196fe049befa59d619.pdf

اداره کل فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی استان خراسان جنوبی مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان 2676-6116 18 1 2023 11 22 Exploring the Constituent Elements of Two-Dimensional Consciousness: A Comparative Study of Legends from South Khorasan and Mazandaran بررسی عناصر سطح اولِ آگاهیِ انسانِ دوبعدی در افسانه‌ها (مطالعه موردی: افسانه‌های خراسان جنوبی و مازندران) 205 236 197656 10.22034/fakh.2024.428013.1644 FA حامد نوروزی دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه بیرجند 0000-0003-1420-8622 کلثوم قربانی جویباری دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه بیرجند انسیه بهلولی مقدم کارشناس ارشد زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه بیرجند 0000-0000-0000-0001 Journal Article 2023 11 30 Introduction Consciousness is a fundamental human characteristic that has far-reaching implications and reflections on various aspects of human life. It is a mental process that occurs in the present moment, encompassing multiple states, including cognition (beliefs and understanding), perception (analysis), emotion (fear, envy), feeling (pain and suffering), sensory perception (seeing and hearing), quasi-perceptual states (dreaming, imagining), and behavioral states (acting and attempting) (Morland, 2012, p. 142). From a historical perspective, oral literature, also known as folk literature or popular literature, predates written literature. As noted by Jafari Ghanavati (2005, p. 96), “thousands of years before inventing writing and entering the historical stage of their lives, humans had acquired the ability to speak”. Therefore, folk literature can be regarded as the earliest manifestation of human language and imagination. It is no surprise that folk literature, particularly national myths, is one of the greatest and oldest manifestations of individual and collective consciousness of human groups. The present research aims to address the fundamental question of what differences and similarities exist in the constituent elements of awareness in the personalities of South Khorasan and Mazandaran myths. Methods The research methodology employed in this study is informed by Robert Johnson’s theory of levels of consciousness, specifically the masculine dimension. According to Johnson (2007), human consciousness can be categorized into three distinct levels. The first level, epitomized by Don Quixote, is characterized by simplicity and instinct. At this stage, individuals inhabit a self-created, unspoiled paradise in their minds (Johnson, 2007, p. 38). While some aspects of this level of consciousness may be perceived as violent and prejudiced by modern standards, it is essential to examine these components within their original context. The second level, exemplified by Hamlet, is marked by complexity and three-dimensionality. Modern individuals strive to attain this level of awareness, willing to pay any price for it (Johnson, 2007, p. 46). The third and highest level, embodied by Faust, represents the stage of enlightenment. Individuals who reach this level possess a strong motivation to teach and have a profound understanding of their internal and external conditions. They are aware of the interconnectedness of their inner world and external reality, resulting in genuine happiness (Johnson, 2007, p. 132). This research relies on primary data collected from two books: Khorasan Legends: Birjand by Khazaee (2006) and Legends of the People of Mazandaran by Emadi (2014). Additionally, supplementary sources were consulted as needed. A descriptive and analytical approach was employed to examine the data, guided by Johnson’s theory of the evolution of consciousness. In fact, the study analyzed the elements of first-level consciousness, including the use of magic, anima, adherence to ancient collective patterns, the presence of the old man, and other relevant themes, through qualitative content analysis. Findings In the first level of consciousness, the similarities of the myths of the regions under study outweigh their differences; the slight difference that exists between the consciousness level of these myths is due to the type and extent of the use of the inner world by primitive man and attention to the outer world, the level of awareness in the child and personality development during the story, the type of view towards women and the embodiment of the wise old man. According to the frequency of data, the myths of South Khorasan (15) compared to the myths of Mazandaran (10) are more committed to tradition and instinct. The heroes, by following these two, are very practical and two-dimensional. This is while in the myths of Mazandaran, the heroes have slightly moved towards doubt between conscience, personal choice, and separation from traditions and following instinct and tradition. The hero of the myths of Mazandaran in some cases and after personality development holds a higher level of awareness and acts more modern. He is realistic and has distanced himself from the world of fantasies and myths. The situation is similar regarding the presence of anima and magical elements. In the myths of Khorasan, the presence of anima (30) is more visible than Mazandaran (20). However, anima in these myths is generally passive and subject to conditions, not dynamic and influential. Magical elements are also observed more in the myths of Khorasan (40) than in Mazandaran (30). These elements usually have a vital and influential role in the course of the story, indicating the impact of these factors on people’s lives and beliefs. In the myths of South Khorasan, the number of cunning and clever characters with much intelligence to survive is more than in the myths of Mazandaran. While the child in the myths of Mazandaran (20) has a wider presence compared to the myths of Khorasan (10). This, at first glance, indicates a higher level of awareness (or more precisely “intelligence”) in the myths of South Khorasan; but it should be noted that it is the instinct of survival and following instinct that ultimately leads to the dominance of traditionalism and the world of the father or the two-dimensional and imaginary world of primitive man; because the hero, without hesitation and doubt, chooses survival and devotes all his power to it. But the hero who approaches the second level sometimes sacrifices his life for doubt (like Hamlet). On the other hand, the intelligent hero of the myths, from the perspective of modern man, is ultimately nothing more than a smart child who tries to deceive others with childish plans. The hero of the legends of South Khorasan, in accordance with their lifestyle and geographical conditions, benefits from their colorful inner world. This benefit is to the extent that the outer world never overcomes the inner world. A world is full of colorful imaginations that connects them to the beyond, the sky, and paradise. The timelessness and placelessness in the legends indicate the hero’s introspection. Moreover, since the hero's unconscious dominates their psyche, they live in peace with their inner self and existential elements, although they are unaware of these elements. Heroes in legends usually do not have a mask and do not repress their desires into their unconscious, thus they do not create a terrifying shadow. They are accompanied by it without being aware of its existence. Ultimately, this inner peace, albeit false, and the absence of a shadow in the unconscious psyche, leads to their tranquility and happiness. For this reason, the end of almost all legends is beautiful and happy, and in fact, by the desire of the two-dimensional human, without effort and struggle on the part of the hero and by the forces of nature, everything ends well and happily. Conclusion In conclusion, the heroes in the legends of South Khorasan are generally more two-dimensional and primitive compared to those in the legends of Mazandaran. The legends of South Khorasan are more imaginative and better embody the concept of a legend. In contrast, the legends of Mazandaran often blend realistic and historical elements with imaginative ones, which adds depth to their heroes. As a result, the heroes in the legends of South Khorasan tend to exist more at a surface level, whereas those in the legends of Mazandaran exhibit more complexity and nuance. آگاهی، به‌عنوان فرایندی ذهنی که در زمان حال رخ می‌دهد و شامل حالت‌های ذهنی شناخت، درک، عاطفه، احساس و ادراک حسی میشود، یکی از ویژگیهای بشری است که در ساحتهای مختلف زندگی انسانی تأثیرات عمیقی بر جای گذاشته و بازتاب یافته است. ادبیات عامیانه و به‌ویژه افسانههای قومی، یکی از بزرگترین و کهنترین جلوهگاههای آگاهیهای فردی و جمعی گروههای انسانیست. در این پژوهش که حول یک سوال بنیادی شکل گرفته است، در پی آنیم که تفاوت عناصر برسازندۀ آگاهی شخصیتها در افسانههای خراسان جنوبی و مازندران را مقایسه نماییم. انتخاب افسانههای این دو اقلیم نخست به دلیل تفاوت زیستبوم آنها و تأثیرگذاری آن بر اندیشه و آگاهی ساکنان آنها بوده و دوم ریشههای مختلف فرهنگی آنها که یکی به فرهنگ و زبان ساسانی (خراسان جنوبی) و دیگری به فرهنگ و زبان اشکانی (مازندرانی) نسب میرساند. هر دو عامل میتواند به تفاوت نوع افسانهها و تا حدی اختلافِ سطوح آگاهی در برخی از عناصر منجر شود. چارچوب نظری این پژوهش را نظریه سطوح آگاهی (مردانه) رابرت جانسون شکل داده است. این نظریه به بررسی آگاهی انسان، با محوریت قهرمانان داستانی، در سه سطح می‌پردازد. عناصر سطح اول آگاهی (به نمایندگی دنکیشوت) که غریزی، پیشامدرن، ساده و دوبعدی است، اشتراکات بسیاری با عناصر آگاهی در افسانههای عامیانه دارد؛ لذا محور اصلی این پژوهش معطوف به بررسی عناصر سطح اول آگاهی در افسانهها خواهد بود. نتیجۀ بررسی دادهها نشان میدهد که اولاً تفاوت فاحش و برجستهای میان قهرمانان افسانههای خراسان جنوبی و مازندران وجود ندارد و اغلب قهرمانان هر دو ناحیه کاملاً در سطح اول آگاهی قرار دارند؛ ثانیاً با وجود اشتراکات بسیار میان افسانهها، قهرمان افسانههای خراسان جنوبی متناسب با نوع زندگی و شرایط جغرافیایی خویش از دنیای رنگارنگ درون خود بهره میگیرد و این بهرهگیری تا جایی است که هیچگاه دنیای بیرون بر دنیای درون غلبه نمیکند. بسامد عوامل مرتبط با خیالپردازی در افسانههای خراسان از مازندران تا حد زیادی، بیشتر است. دنیای درونی این افسانهها پر از خیالات رنگارنگ است که قهرمان را به ماورا و آسمان و بهشت برین متصل می سازد، نه به مکان خشک و خشن کویری. بیمکانی و بیزمانی در افسانهها نیز نشانگر درونگرایی قهرمان است. افزون بر این از آنجا که ناخودآگاه قهرمان بر روانش سلطه دارد، با درون خود و عناصر وجودیش در صلح به سرمیبرد. به طور کلی قهرمانان افسانههای خراسان جنوبی نسبت به افسانههای مازندران دوبعدیتر و ابتداییتر ظاهر میشوند. افسانههای خراسان جنوبی تخیلیتر است و آنچه مفهوم کاملی از افسانه را در برمیگیرد در مورد افسانههای خراسان جنوبی بیشتر صدق میکند. حتی گاهی جنبههای واقعی و تاریخی افسانههای مازندران بر جنبههای خیالی غلبه میکند؛ لذا قهرمانان افسانههای خراسان جنوبی نسبت به افسانههای مازندران بیشتر در سطح اول آگاهی به سر میبرند.

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